INTRODUCTION - ChannelRehabilitation0017
SCOPE
THE PROCESS
THE GENERALIZED PROCESS
Figure 2.1 Generalized Process for Channel Rehabilitation Design
PLANNING
THE ANALYSIS PROCESS
Figure 2.2 The Analysis Process for Channel Rehabilitation Design
SYSTEMS APPROACH
Figure 2.3 The Systems Approach
PRELIMINARY DESIGN
Figure 2.4 Preliminary Design for Channel Rehabilitation
PRELIMINARY DESIGN METHODOLOGY - DETERMINATION OF SYSTEM STABILITY
PRELIMINARY DESIGN METHODOLOGY - DETERMINATION OF STABLE CHANNEL DIMENSIONS
DETERMINE A STABLE CHANNEL MEANDER WAVELENGTH FOR THE PLANFORM
SEDIMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT
PRELIMINARY DESIGN SUMMARY
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY AND CHANNEL PROCESSES - ChannelRehabilitation0035
Figure 3.1 The Fluvial System (after Schumm, 1977)
The System is Dynamic - ChannelRehabilitation0037
Thresholds - ChannelRehabilitation0038
LANDFORMS - ChannelRehabilitation0039
Figure 3.2 Landforms for a Meandering River
Table 3.1 Classification of Valley Sediments
Channel Geometry and Cross Section
Figure 3.3 Typical Meandering River
Figure 3.5 Features Associated With (a) Straight and (b) Meandering Rivers
Planform Geometry - ChannelRehabilitation0045
Figure 3.6 Typical Plan and Cross Sectional View of Pools and Crossings
Figure 3.7 Typical Middle Bar
Figure 3.9 Definition Sketch for Channel Geometry (after Leopold et al.,1964)
RELATIONSHIPS IN RIVERS - ChannelRehabilitation0049
Figure 3.10 Lane's (1957) Relationship Between Channel Patterns, Channel Gradient, and Mean Discharge
RELATIONSHIPS IN RIVERS (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0051
RELATIONSHIPS IN RIVERS (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0052
CHANNEL CLASSIFICATION - ChannelRehabilitation0053
CHANNEL EVOLUTION
Table 3.2 Classification of Alluvial Channels
Figure 3.12 Channel Classification Based on Pattern and Type of Sediment Load
Table 3.3 Summary of Delineative Criteria for Broad-level Classification
Figure 3.13 Channel Classification Combining Aspects of Schumm
CHANNEL EVOLUTION (cont.)
Figure 3.14 Incised Channel Evolution Sequence (after Schumm et al., 1984)
QUANTIFICATION OF THE EVOLUTIONARY SEQUENCE
Figure 3.15 Hickahala Creek Watershed, Slope-drainage Area Relationship
Figure 3.16 Comparison of the Channel Evolution Sequence and the Channel Stability Diagram
QUANTIFICATION OF THE EVOLUTIONARY SEQUENCE (cont.)
Figure 3.17 Sub-watershed Channels of Hickahala Creek Watershed Plotted on an Ng/Nh Diagram
CHANNEL STABILITY CONCEPTS - ChannelRehabilitation0066
Figure 3.19 Lane's Balance (after E. W. Lane, from W. Borland)
SYSTEM INSTABILITY
Figure 3.20 Consequences of System Instability
Figure 3.20 Consequences of System Instability (cont.)
Causes of System Instability - ChannelRehabilitation0071
Figure 3.21 Channelized Stream and Abandoned Old Channel
Figure 3.22 Knickpoint in a Degrading Channel
Upstream Factors - ChannelRehabilitation0074
Basin Wide Factors - ChannelRehabilitation0075
LOCAL INSTABILITY - ChannelRehabilitation0076
Overview of Meander Bend Erosion
Streambank Erosion and Failure Processes - ChannelRehabilitation0078
Figure 3.24 Erosion Generated by Parallel Flow
Figure 3.26 Erosion Generated by Piping
Figure 3.28 Sheet Erosion with Rilling and Gullying
Figure 3.30 Erosion Generated by Vessel Forces
Streambank Erosion and Failure Processes (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0083
Figure 3.31 Soil Fall
Figure 3.33 Slab Failure
Figure 3.35 Pop-out Failure
Figure 3.37 Dry Granular Flow
Figure 3.39 Cattle Trampling
CLOSING - ChannelRehabilitation0089
CLOSING (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0090
CHANNELIZATION AND CHANNEL MODIFICATION ACTIVITIES AND IMPACTS
CHANNELIZATION AND CHANNEL MODIFICATION PROJECT CATEGORIES
NAVIGATION
CHANNEL AND BANK INSTABILITY
FLOW CONTROL FOR WATER SUPPLY
CHANNEL MODIFICATION ACTIVITIES AND ASSOCIATED IMPACTS
Environmental Effects - ChannelRehabilitation0097
CHANNEL ENLARGEMENT
Remedial Practices - ChannelRehabilitation0099
Operation and Maintenance of Channel Enlargement Projects
Hydraulic Effects - ChannelRehabilitation0101
DREDGING AND MINING
Hydraulic Effects - ChannelRehabilitation0103
CONSTRUCTION OF LEVEES
Hydraulic Effects - ChannelRehabilitation0105
Remedial Practices - ChannelRehabilitation0106
DIVERSION CHANNELS
Operation and Maintenance of Floodway Projects
Environmental Effects - ChannelRehabilitation0109
LOW TRAINING STRUCTURES - DIKES
Hydraulic Effects - ChannelRehabilitation0111
GRADE CONTROL - ChannelRehabilitation0112
Environmental Effects - ChannelRehabilitation0113
Operation and Maintenance of Grade Control Structures
BANK STABILIZATION
Operation and Maintenance of Channel and Bank Stabilization Projects
CHANNEL RESTORATION
Hydraulic Effects - ChannelRehabilitation0118
SUMMARY - ChannelRehabilitation0119
SUMMARY (cont.)
FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING DESIGN
Table 5.1 Suggested Sources of Historical Information (USACE, 1994)
GEOGRAPHY
Table 5.2 Land Use Classification (after Rundquist, 1975)
MEASURED SEDIMENT DATA - RATING CURVE DEVELOPMENT
Figure 5.1 Fannegusha Creek Suspended Sediment Discharge
Table 5.5 Bed Material Load (Sand Fraction) Relationships at Gaging Sites in the Yazoo Basin, Mississippi
WATERSHED HYDROLOGY
Project Hydrology Considerations
Figure 5.3 Cumulative Distribution Function of Discharge for Hotopha Creek, Mean Daily Data
Watershed Data
Figure 5.4 Flow Duration Relationships for Mean Daily Data on Ten Gage
Watershed Attributes Geographic Information Systems
Watershed Attributes Geographic Information Systems (cont.)
Land Use
Soils
Weather and Climatological Data
Computation of Project Hydrology - Hydrology Models
CASC2D
Figure 5.6 Conceptual Sketch of CASC2D Overland Flow Routing
METHODS FOR ASSESSING HISTORICAL RIVER STABILITY
Figure 5.7 Definition Sketch of Specific Gage Record
Figure 5.8 Development of Specific Gage Record
Figure 5.9 Specific Gage Record, Indus River Downstream of Sukkar Barrage
Specific Gage Analysis
Figure 5.10 Specific Gage Record Below Trimmu Barrage, India
Figure 5.12 Specific Gage Record on Red River at Shreveport, Louisiana and Alexandria, Louisiana
Specific Gage Analysis (cont.)
Figure 5.13 Specific Gage Records at Near Bankfull Conditions on the Lower Mississippi River
Figure 5.14 Specific Gage Record on Mississippi River at Arkansas City, 1940-1974
Comparative Thalweg Analysis
Figure 5.16 Comparative Thalweg Profiles for Long Creek, Mississippi
Aerial Photography
Figure 5.17 Cross Sectional Changes on the Atchafalaya River at Simmesport, Louisiana
Figure 5.18 Average Cross Sectional Values for Little Tallahatchie River Below Sardis Dam
FIELD INVESTIGATION - ChannelRehabilitation0156
QUALITATIVE OBSERVATIONS
Field Identified Features
Field Identified Features (cont.)
CHANNEL, STREAMBED, AND STREAMBANK DESCRIPTIONS
CHANNEL, STREAMBED, AND STREAMBANK DESCRIPTIONS (cont.)
Figure 5.20 The Stages of Terrace Development Following Two Sequences of Events Leading to the Same Surface Geometry
Figure 5.22 Relationship Between Gradient and Bed Forms (after Grant et al., 1990)
Figure 5.23 Bar Types
Figure 5.24 Bed Forms (after Simons and Richardson, 1966)
Figure 5.25 Headcuts (after Schumm et al., 1984)
BANK CHARACTERISTICS
BANK CHARACTERISTICS (cont.)
COMPUTATIONAL METHODS FOR STABLE CHANNEL DESIGN
Figure 5.26 Equilibrium Channel Slope Versus Drainage Area for Hickahala Creek, Batupan Bogue and Hotopha Creek are Shown
Table 5.7 Maximum Mean Velocities Safe Against Erosion (Etcheverry, 1915)
Table 5.8 Permissible Canal Velocities (Fortier and Scobey, 1926)
Figure 5.27 Channel Evaluation Procedural Guide (from USDA, 1977)
Figure 5.28a Allowable Velocities for Unprotected Earth Channels (from USDA, 1977)
Figure 5.28b (cont.) Allowable Velocities for Unprotected Earth Channels (from USDA, 1977)
Tractive Force Design Procedure (Simons, 1957)
Figure 5.29 Maximum Unit Tractive Force Versus b/d (from Simons and Sentrk, 1992), b is the Bottom Width and d is the Depth
Figure 5.31 Relationship Between Side Slope and K (from Lane, 1953b)
Figure 5.32 Variation of Tractive Force With Bed Material d (from Lane, 1953a)
Figure 5.33 Angle of Repose of Noncohesive Material (from Lane, 1953b)
REGIME THEORY CHANNEL DESIGN
Table 5.9 Simons and Albertson (1963) Modified Regime Equations
Figure 5.34 Top Width as Function of Discharge (USACE, 1994)
Figure 5.36 Slope as Function of Discharge (USACE, 1994)
HYDRAULIC DESIGN PACKAGE FOR CHANNELS (SAM)
Sediment Yield Calculations
Figure 5.37 Example of a Sediment Rating Curve
Figure 5.39 Example of Hydrograph
Figure 5.40 Froude Number Fn Versus R/D50 Criterion
Governing Equations for Stable Channel Design Procedure
Figure 5.41 Determination of Flow Regimes - Grain Froude Number, Fg, Plotted Against Slope, S
Figure 5.42 Viscous Effects on the Transition From LOwer Flow Regime to Upper Flow Regime
Governing Equations for Stable Channel Design Procedure (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0193
Governing Equations for Stable Channel Design Procedure (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0194
Model Application - ChannelRehabilitation0195
Figure 5.43 Example of a Stable Channel Curve
GRAVEL BED RIVERS
Figure 5.44 Velocity Contour Map With Lines Across Which There is No Shear Stress
GRAVEL BED RIVERS (cont.)
Figure 5.45 Threshold of Motion for Granular Material (from Julien, 1995)
Figure 5.46 Ratio of Suspended to Total Load Versus Ratio of Shear to Fall Velocities
Model Application - ChannelRehabilitation0202
HEC-6
BANK STABILITY - ChannelRehabilitation0204
BANK STABILITY (cont.)
Figure 5.47a Shear Failure Along a Planar Slip Surface Through the Toe of the Slope
Required Geotechnical Data
Soil Data Sources
Table 5.10 Soil Properties and the Averaging Method
Table 5.11 Soil Properties
Stability of Steep Slopes
SELECTION AND DESIGN OF CHANNEL REHABILITATION METHODS
SURFACE ARMOR
Stone Armor - ChannelRehabilitation0215
Rigid Armor - ChannelRehabilitation0216
Flexible Mattress
Dikes and Retards - ChannelRehabilitation0218
Other Flow Deflectors
VEGETATIVE METHODS FOR EROSION CONTROL
GRADE CONTROL - ChannelRehabilitation0221
TYPES OF GRADE CONTROL STRUCTURES
Figure 6.1 Channel Stabilization with Rock Sills (adapted from Whitaker and Jaggi, 1986)
Structures with Water Cutoff
Figures 6.2a As Built Riprap Grade Control Structure With Sufficient Launch Stone to Handle Anicipated Scour
Figures 6.3a As Built Riprap Grade Control Structure with Impervious Fill Cutoff Wall
Figures 6.4a As Built Riprap Grade Control Structure with Sheet Pile Cutoff Wall
Figure 6.5 Sloping Drop Grade Control Structure with Pre-formed Riprap Lined Scour Hole
Concrete Drop Structures - ChannelRehabilitation0229
Figure 6.6 Bed Stabilizer Design with Sheet Pile Cutoff (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1970)
Figure 6.7 ARS-Type Grade Control Structure with Pre-formed Riprap Lined Stilling Basin and Baffle Plate
Figure 6.8 Schematic of Modified ARS-Type Grade Control Structure (Abt et al., 1994)
Figure 6.9 CIT-Type Drop Structure
EFFECTIVENESS OF GRADE CONTROL STRUCTURES
Figure 6.10 St. Anthony Falls (SAF) Type Drop Structure (Blaisdell, 1948)
Figure 6.11 Riprap Lined Drop Structures (adapted from Tate, 1991)
Figure 6.12 Spacing of Grade Control Structure (adapted from Mussetter, 1982)
Figure 6.13 Slope Versus Drainage Area Relationship
EFFECTIVENESS OF GRADE CONTROL STRUCTURES (cont.)
Figure 6.14 CEM Types in Comparison With a Slope Area Curve
Figure 6.15 1995 CEM Data With Two Regressions
Figure 6.16 Relationship between Energy Slope and Computed Sediment Concentration for DEC Monitoring Reaches
Downstream Channel Response - ChannelRehabilitation0243
Figure 6.17 Sediment Concentration for the 2-Year Discharge Along the GDM No. 54 Slope Area Curve
Figure 6.18 Computed Sediment Concentration for CEM Types
Downstream Channel Response (cont.)
Table 6.1 Annual Sediment Yield for Monitoring Reaches Surveyed in 1993, 1994, 1995, and 1996
Table 6.2 Bank Stability Analysis Summary
Flood Control Impacts
SUMMARY - ChannelRehabilitation0250
FLOW CONTROL
Figure 6.19 Annual Sediment Load as a Function of Flow Distribution Skewness
FLOW CONTROL (cont.)
CLOSING - ChannelRehabilitation0255
REFERENCES - ChannelRehabilitation0257
REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0258
REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0259
REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0260
REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0261
REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0262
REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0263
REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0264
REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0265
REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0266
REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0267
REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0268
REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0269
REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0270
REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0271
REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0272
REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0273
REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0274
REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0275
APPENDIX A. A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO EFFECTIVE DISCHARGE CALCULATION
INTRODUCTION: THEORIES AND CONCEPTS
INTRODUCTION: THEORIES AND CONCEPTS (cont.)
HYDROLOGICAL DATA AND CALCULATIONS
Figure 1. Derivation of Bed Material Load-discharge Histogram (iii) From Flow Frequency (i) and Bed Material Load Rating Curves (ii)
Selection of Discharge Class Interval
Time Base
Figure 2. Downstream Daily Flow Duration Curves for the River Wye, UK Based on Data from Gaging Stations Collected Between 1937 and 1962
Regionalized Duration Curve Method
Figure 3. Regionalized Discharge Index for DEC Watersheds, Mississippi
Table 1 Classification of the Total Sediment Load
Figure 4. Comparison of Sediment Relationships for a Gage Site on Abiaca Creek, Mississippi
Figure 5 Procedure for Generating a Flow Frequency Histogram
Figure 6 Procedure for Generating a Bed Material Load Rating Curve
Figure 7 Procedure for Generating a Bed Material Load Histogram
Step 1 - Flow Frequency Distribution
Step 2 - Bed Material Load Rating Curve
Step 3 - Bed Material Load Histogram
EVALUATION AND TROUBLESHOOTING
Problems with Outliers
EXAMPLE: EFFECTIVE DISCHARGE CALCULATION FOR THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER AT VICKSBURG
Figure 9. Flow Duration Curve for Mean Daily Discharge: Lower Mississippi River at Vicksburg, 1950-1982
Figure 10 Sand Load Rating Curve: Lower Mississippi River at Vicksburg for 1969-1979
Figure 11. Bed Material Load Histogram: Lower Mississippi River at Vicksburg
Figure 12. Long-channel Variation in Bank Top Elevations: Lower Mississippi in Study Reach
Table 2 Regime and Engineered Morphology of the River Blackwater, UK
Application 2: Channel Stability Assessment Using the SAM Hydraulic Package
APPENDIX I. REFERENCES
APPENDIX I. REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0306
APPENDIX I. REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0307
APPENDIX I. REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0308
APPENDIX I. REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0309
APPENDIX II. GLOSSARY
APPENDIX II. GLOSSARY (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0311
APPENDIX II. GLOSSARY (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0312
ChannelRehabilitation
SCOPE
THE PROCESS
THE GENERALIZED PROCESS
Figure 2.1 Generalized Process for Channel Rehabilitation Design
PLANNING
THE ANALYSIS PROCESS
Figure 2.2 The Analysis Process for Channel Rehabilitation Design
SYSTEMS APPROACH
Figure 2.3 The Systems Approach
PRELIMINARY DESIGN
Figure 2.4 Preliminary Design for Channel Rehabilitation
PRELIMINARY DESIGN METHODOLOGY - DETERMINATION OF SYSTEM STABILITY
PRELIMINARY DESIGN METHODOLOGY - DETERMINATION OF STABLE CHANNEL DIMENSIONS
DETERMINE A STABLE CHANNEL MEANDER WAVELENGTH FOR THE PLANFORM
SEDIMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT
PRELIMINARY DESIGN SUMMARY
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY AND CHANNEL PROCESSES - ChannelRehabilitation0035
Figure 3.1 The Fluvial System (after Schumm, 1977)
The System is Dynamic - ChannelRehabilitation0037
Thresholds - ChannelRehabilitation0038
LANDFORMS - ChannelRehabilitation0039
Figure 3.2 Landforms for a Meandering River
Table 3.1 Classification of Valley Sediments
Channel Geometry and Cross Section
Figure 3.3 Typical Meandering River
Figure 3.5 Features Associated With (a) Straight and (b) Meandering Rivers
Planform Geometry - ChannelRehabilitation0045
Figure 3.6 Typical Plan and Cross Sectional View of Pools and Crossings
Figure 3.7 Typical Middle Bar
Figure 3.9 Definition Sketch for Channel Geometry (after Leopold et al.,1964)
RELATIONSHIPS IN RIVERS - ChannelRehabilitation0049
Figure 3.10 Lane's (1957) Relationship Between Channel Patterns, Channel Gradient, and Mean Discharge
RELATIONSHIPS IN RIVERS (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0051
RELATIONSHIPS IN RIVERS (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0052
CHANNEL CLASSIFICATION - ChannelRehabilitation0053
CHANNEL EVOLUTION
Table 3.2 Classification of Alluvial Channels
Figure 3.12 Channel Classification Based on Pattern and Type of Sediment Load
Table 3.3 Summary of Delineative Criteria for Broad-level Classification
Figure 3.13 Channel Classification Combining Aspects of Schumm
CHANNEL EVOLUTION (cont.)
Figure 3.14 Incised Channel Evolution Sequence (after Schumm et al., 1984)
QUANTIFICATION OF THE EVOLUTIONARY SEQUENCE
Figure 3.15 Hickahala Creek Watershed, Slope-drainage Area Relationship
Figure 3.16 Comparison of the Channel Evolution Sequence and the Channel Stability Diagram
QUANTIFICATION OF THE EVOLUTIONARY SEQUENCE (cont.)
Figure 3.17 Sub-watershed Channels of Hickahala Creek Watershed Plotted on an Ng/Nh Diagram
CHANNEL STABILITY CONCEPTS - ChannelRehabilitation0066
Figure 3.19 Lane's Balance (after E. W. Lane, from W. Borland)
SYSTEM INSTABILITY
Figure 3.20 Consequences of System Instability
Figure 3.20 Consequences of System Instability (cont.)
Causes of System Instability - ChannelRehabilitation0071
Figure 3.21 Channelized Stream and Abandoned Old Channel
Figure 3.22 Knickpoint in a Degrading Channel
Upstream Factors - ChannelRehabilitation0074
Basin Wide Factors - ChannelRehabilitation0075
LOCAL INSTABILITY - ChannelRehabilitation0076
Overview of Meander Bend Erosion
Streambank Erosion and Failure Processes - ChannelRehabilitation0078
Figure 3.24 Erosion Generated by Parallel Flow
Figure 3.26 Erosion Generated by Piping
Figure 3.28 Sheet Erosion with Rilling and Gullying
Figure 3.30 Erosion Generated by Vessel Forces
Streambank Erosion and Failure Processes (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0083
Figure 3.31 Soil Fall
Figure 3.33 Slab Failure
Figure 3.35 Pop-out Failure
Figure 3.37 Dry Granular Flow
Figure 3.39 Cattle Trampling
CLOSING - ChannelRehabilitation0089
CLOSING (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0090
CHANNELIZATION AND CHANNEL MODIFICATION ACTIVITIES AND IMPACTS
CHANNELIZATION AND CHANNEL MODIFICATION PROJECT CATEGORIES
NAVIGATION
CHANNEL AND BANK INSTABILITY
FLOW CONTROL FOR WATER SUPPLY
CHANNEL MODIFICATION ACTIVITIES AND ASSOCIATED IMPACTS
Environmental Effects - ChannelRehabilitation0097
CHANNEL ENLARGEMENT
Remedial Practices - ChannelRehabilitation0099
Operation and Maintenance of Channel Enlargement Projects
Hydraulic Effects - ChannelRehabilitation0101
DREDGING AND MINING
Hydraulic Effects - ChannelRehabilitation0103
CONSTRUCTION OF LEVEES
Hydraulic Effects - ChannelRehabilitation0105
Remedial Practices - ChannelRehabilitation0106
DIVERSION CHANNELS
Operation and Maintenance of Floodway Projects
Environmental Effects - ChannelRehabilitation0109
LOW TRAINING STRUCTURES - DIKES
Hydraulic Effects - ChannelRehabilitation0111
GRADE CONTROL - ChannelRehabilitation0112
Environmental Effects - ChannelRehabilitation0113
Operation and Maintenance of Grade Control Structures
BANK STABILIZATION
Operation and Maintenance of Channel and Bank Stabilization Projects
CHANNEL RESTORATION
Hydraulic Effects - ChannelRehabilitation0118
SUMMARY - ChannelRehabilitation0119
SUMMARY (cont.)
FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING DESIGN
Table 5.1 Suggested Sources of Historical Information (USACE, 1994)
GEOGRAPHY
Table 5.2 Land Use Classification (after Rundquist, 1975)
MEASURED SEDIMENT DATA - RATING CURVE DEVELOPMENT
Figure 5.1 Fannegusha Creek Suspended Sediment Discharge
Table 5.5 Bed Material Load (Sand Fraction) Relationships at Gaging Sites in the Yazoo Basin, Mississippi
WATERSHED HYDROLOGY
Project Hydrology Considerations
Figure 5.3 Cumulative Distribution Function of Discharge for Hotopha Creek, Mean Daily Data
Watershed Data
Figure 5.4 Flow Duration Relationships for Mean Daily Data on Ten Gage
Watershed Attributes Geographic Information Systems
Watershed Attributes Geographic Information Systems (cont.)
Land Use
Soils
Weather and Climatological Data
Computation of Project Hydrology - Hydrology Models
CASC2D
Figure 5.6 Conceptual Sketch of CASC2D Overland Flow Routing
METHODS FOR ASSESSING HISTORICAL RIVER STABILITY
Figure 5.7 Definition Sketch of Specific Gage Record
Figure 5.8 Development of Specific Gage Record
Figure 5.9 Specific Gage Record, Indus River Downstream of Sukkar Barrage
Specific Gage Analysis
Figure 5.10 Specific Gage Record Below Trimmu Barrage, India
Figure 5.12 Specific Gage Record on Red River at Shreveport, Louisiana and Alexandria, Louisiana
Specific Gage Analysis (cont.)
Figure 5.13 Specific Gage Records at Near Bankfull Conditions on the Lower Mississippi River
Figure 5.14 Specific Gage Record on Mississippi River at Arkansas City, 1940-1974
Comparative Thalweg Analysis
Figure 5.16 Comparative Thalweg Profiles for Long Creek, Mississippi
Aerial Photography
Figure 5.17 Cross Sectional Changes on the Atchafalaya River at Simmesport, Louisiana
Figure 5.18 Average Cross Sectional Values for Little Tallahatchie River Below Sardis Dam
FIELD INVESTIGATION - ChannelRehabilitation0156
QUALITATIVE OBSERVATIONS
Field Identified Features
Field Identified Features (cont.)
CHANNEL, STREAMBED, AND STREAMBANK DESCRIPTIONS
CHANNEL, STREAMBED, AND STREAMBANK DESCRIPTIONS (cont.)
Figure 5.20 The Stages of Terrace Development Following Two Sequences of Events Leading to the Same Surface Geometry
Figure 5.22 Relationship Between Gradient and Bed Forms (after Grant et al., 1990)
Figure 5.23 Bar Types
Figure 5.24 Bed Forms (after Simons and Richardson, 1966)
Figure 5.25 Headcuts (after Schumm et al., 1984)
BANK CHARACTERISTICS
BANK CHARACTERISTICS (cont.)
COMPUTATIONAL METHODS FOR STABLE CHANNEL DESIGN
Figure 5.26 Equilibrium Channel Slope Versus Drainage Area for Hickahala Creek, Batupan Bogue and Hotopha Creek are Shown
Table 5.7 Maximum Mean Velocities Safe Against Erosion (Etcheverry, 1915)
Table 5.8 Permissible Canal Velocities (Fortier and Scobey, 1926)
Figure 5.27 Channel Evaluation Procedural Guide (from USDA, 1977)
Figure 5.28a Allowable Velocities for Unprotected Earth Channels (from USDA, 1977)
Figure 5.28b (cont.) Allowable Velocities for Unprotected Earth Channels (from USDA, 1977)
Tractive Force Design Procedure (Simons, 1957)
Figure 5.29 Maximum Unit Tractive Force Versus b/d (from Simons and Sentrk, 1992), b is the Bottom Width and d is the Depth
Figure 5.31 Relationship Between Side Slope and K (from Lane, 1953b)
Figure 5.32 Variation of Tractive Force With Bed Material d (from Lane, 1953a)
Figure 5.33 Angle of Repose of Noncohesive Material (from Lane, 1953b)
REGIME THEORY CHANNEL DESIGN
Table 5.9 Simons and Albertson (1963) Modified Regime Equations
Figure 5.34 Top Width as Function of Discharge (USACE, 1994)
Figure 5.36 Slope as Function of Discharge (USACE, 1994)
HYDRAULIC DESIGN PACKAGE FOR CHANNELS (SAM)
Sediment Yield Calculations
Figure 5.37 Example of a Sediment Rating Curve
Figure 5.39 Example of Hydrograph
Figure 5.40 Froude Number Fn Versus R/D50 Criterion
Governing Equations for Stable Channel Design Procedure
Figure 5.41 Determination of Flow Regimes - Grain Froude Number, Fg, Plotted Against Slope, S
Figure 5.42 Viscous Effects on the Transition From LOwer Flow Regime to Upper Flow Regime
Governing Equations for Stable Channel Design Procedure (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0193
Governing Equations for Stable Channel Design Procedure (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0194
Model Application - ChannelRehabilitation0195
Figure 5.43 Example of a Stable Channel Curve
GRAVEL BED RIVERS
Figure 5.44 Velocity Contour Map With Lines Across Which There is No Shear Stress
GRAVEL BED RIVERS (cont.)
Figure 5.45 Threshold of Motion for Granular Material (from Julien, 1995)
Figure 5.46 Ratio of Suspended to Total Load Versus Ratio of Shear to Fall Velocities
Model Application - ChannelRehabilitation0202
HEC-6
BANK STABILITY - ChannelRehabilitation0204
BANK STABILITY (cont.)
Figure 5.47a Shear Failure Along a Planar Slip Surface Through the Toe of the Slope
Required Geotechnical Data
Soil Data Sources
Table 5.10 Soil Properties and the Averaging Method
Table 5.11 Soil Properties
Stability of Steep Slopes
SELECTION AND DESIGN OF CHANNEL REHABILITATION METHODS
SURFACE ARMOR
Stone Armor - ChannelRehabilitation0215
Rigid Armor - ChannelRehabilitation0216
Flexible Mattress
Dikes and Retards - ChannelRehabilitation0218
Other Flow Deflectors
VEGETATIVE METHODS FOR EROSION CONTROL
GRADE CONTROL - ChannelRehabilitation0221
TYPES OF GRADE CONTROL STRUCTURES
Figure 6.1 Channel Stabilization with Rock Sills (adapted from Whitaker and Jaggi, 1986)
Structures with Water Cutoff
Figures 6.2a As Built Riprap Grade Control Structure With Sufficient Launch Stone to Handle Anicipated Scour
Figures 6.3a As Built Riprap Grade Control Structure with Impervious Fill Cutoff Wall
Figures 6.4a As Built Riprap Grade Control Structure with Sheet Pile Cutoff Wall
Figure 6.5 Sloping Drop Grade Control Structure with Pre-formed Riprap Lined Scour Hole
Concrete Drop Structures - ChannelRehabilitation0229
Figure 6.6 Bed Stabilizer Design with Sheet Pile Cutoff (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1970)
Figure 6.7 ARS-Type Grade Control Structure with Pre-formed Riprap Lined Stilling Basin and Baffle Plate
Figure 6.8 Schematic of Modified ARS-Type Grade Control Structure (Abt et al., 1994)
Figure 6.9 CIT-Type Drop Structure
EFFECTIVENESS OF GRADE CONTROL STRUCTURES
Figure 6.10 St. Anthony Falls (SAF) Type Drop Structure (Blaisdell, 1948)
Figure 6.11 Riprap Lined Drop Structures (adapted from Tate, 1991)
Figure 6.12 Spacing of Grade Control Structure (adapted from Mussetter, 1982)
Figure 6.13 Slope Versus Drainage Area Relationship
EFFECTIVENESS OF GRADE CONTROL STRUCTURES (cont.)
Figure 6.14 CEM Types in Comparison With a Slope Area Curve
Figure 6.15 1995 CEM Data With Two Regressions
Figure 6.16 Relationship between Energy Slope and Computed Sediment Concentration for DEC Monitoring Reaches
Downstream Channel Response - ChannelRehabilitation0243
Figure 6.17 Sediment Concentration for the 2-Year Discharge Along the GDM No. 54 Slope Area Curve
Figure 6.18 Computed Sediment Concentration for CEM Types
Downstream Channel Response (cont.)
Table 6.1 Annual Sediment Yield for Monitoring Reaches Surveyed in 1993, 1994, 1995, and 1996
Table 6.2 Bank Stability Analysis Summary
Flood Control Impacts
SUMMARY - ChannelRehabilitation0250
FLOW CONTROL
Figure 6.19 Annual Sediment Load as a Function of Flow Distribution Skewness
FLOW CONTROL (cont.)
CLOSING - ChannelRehabilitation0255
REFERENCES - ChannelRehabilitation0257
REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0258
REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0259
REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0260
REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0261
REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0262
REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0263
REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0264
REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0265
REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0266
REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0267
REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0268
REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0269
REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0270
REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0271
REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0272
REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0273
REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0274
REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0275
APPENDIX A. A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO EFFECTIVE DISCHARGE CALCULATION
INTRODUCTION: THEORIES AND CONCEPTS
INTRODUCTION: THEORIES AND CONCEPTS (cont.)
HYDROLOGICAL DATA AND CALCULATIONS
Figure 1. Derivation of Bed Material Load-discharge Histogram (iii) From Flow Frequency (i) and Bed Material Load Rating Curves (ii)
Selection of Discharge Class Interval
Time Base
Figure 2. Downstream Daily Flow Duration Curves for the River Wye, UK Based on Data from Gaging Stations Collected Between 1937 and 1962
Regionalized Duration Curve Method
Figure 3. Regionalized Discharge Index for DEC Watersheds, Mississippi
Table 1 Classification of the Total Sediment Load
Figure 4. Comparison of Sediment Relationships for a Gage Site on Abiaca Creek, Mississippi
Figure 5 Procedure for Generating a Flow Frequency Histogram
Figure 6 Procedure for Generating a Bed Material Load Rating Curve
Figure 7 Procedure for Generating a Bed Material Load Histogram
Step 1 - Flow Frequency Distribution
Step 2 - Bed Material Load Rating Curve
Step 3 - Bed Material Load Histogram
EVALUATION AND TROUBLESHOOTING
Problems with Outliers
EXAMPLE: EFFECTIVE DISCHARGE CALCULATION FOR THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER AT VICKSBURG
Figure 9. Flow Duration Curve for Mean Daily Discharge: Lower Mississippi River at Vicksburg, 1950-1982
Figure 10 Sand Load Rating Curve: Lower Mississippi River at Vicksburg for 1969-1979
Figure 11. Bed Material Load Histogram: Lower Mississippi River at Vicksburg
Figure 12. Long-channel Variation in Bank Top Elevations: Lower Mississippi in Study Reach
Table 2 Regime and Engineered Morphology of the River Blackwater, UK
Application 2: Channel Stability Assessment Using the SAM Hydraulic Package
APPENDIX I. REFERENCES
APPENDIX I. REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0306
APPENDIX I. REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0307
APPENDIX I. REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0308
APPENDIX I. REFERENCES (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0309
APPENDIX II. GLOSSARY
APPENDIX II. GLOSSARY (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0311
APPENDIX II. GLOSSARY (cont.) - ChannelRehabilitation0312
ChannelRehabilitation
