sect54eng_sm
INTRODUCTION - sect54eng_sm0007
SHORELINE PROCESSES - sect54eng_sm0008
Figure 1. Characteristics of Waves - sect54eng_sm0009
Sediment Transport - sect54eng_sm0010
Sediment Transport (Cont.) - sect54eng_sm0011
Figure 3. Common Soil Classification Systems ( After Wnterkorn and Fang 1975)
Water Level Variations - sect54eng_sm0013
Figure 4. Types af Tides ( Wiegel 1953 )
Storm Effects - sect54eng_sm0015
Lake Level Variations - sect54eng_sm0016
THE EROSION PROBLEM - sect54eng_sm0017
Low Erodible Plains and Sand Beaches - sect54eng_sm0018
Wetlands and Marshes - sect54eng_sm0019
Slope Stability - sect54eng_sm0020
A LOOK AT THE OPTIONS - sect54eng_sm0021
BULKHEADS AND SEAWALLS - sect54eng_sm0022
Figure 7. Uses of Bulkheads - sect54eng_sm0023
BREAKWATERS - sect54eng_sm0024
Figure 9. Plan View of a Breakwater - sect54eng_sm0025
Figure 10. Effects of Groins - sect54eng_sm0026
BEACH FILLS - sect54eng_sm0027
NFILTRATION AND DRAINAGE CONTROLS
Figure 11. Perched Beach - sect54eng_sm0029
STRUCTURES AND FILLS - sect54eng_sm0030
THE DESIGN PROBLEM - sect54eng_sm0031
Applicability to Shoreline Uses - sect54eng_sm0032
Summary - sect54eng_sm0033
Water Levels - sect54eng_sm0034
Wave Heights - sect54eng_sm0035
Table 3. Sample Tide Table ( U.S. Department of Commerce 1976)
Figure 12. Reference Water Levels at Oxford , Maryland
Figure 13. Design Lake Levels 9 after U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 1981a)
Figure 14. Storm Setup Values for the Great Lakes ( After U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 1978d)
Wave Heights (cont.) - sect54eng_sm0040
Figure 15. Fastest-Mile Wind Speeds: 10 - year Return Period
Table 4. PERCENT CHANCE OF DESIGN EVENT OCCURRENCE
Figure 17. Identification of Fecth lengths at a Site
Table 5. Wind-Generated Wave Heights and ( Periods) Fetch Lenghts With Average Deptes = 5 Feet
Table 7. Wind-Generated Wave Heights and ( Periods) Fetch Lenghts With Average Deptes = 15 Feet
Table 9. Wind-Generated Wave Heights and ( Periods) Fetch Lenghts With Average Deptes =25 Feet
Wave Heights (cont.) - sect54eng_sm0047
Figure 18. Dimensionless Design Breaker Height Versus relative Depth at a Structure (Weggel 1972 )
Strength - sect54eng_sm0049
Figure 20. Flexibility as a Structural Requirements
Filtering - sect54eng_sm0051
Filtering (Cont.) - sect54eng_sm0052
Filtering (Cont.) - sect54eng_sm0053
Figire 24. Design Criteria for protective Filters ( U.S. Navy, NAval Facilities Engineering Command 1971)
Flank Protection - sect54eng_sm0055
Figure 25. Flank Protection
Structure Height - sect54eng_sm0057
Figure 26. Local Wavelength Given Depth and Period ( After Giles and Eckert 1979 )
Environmental Factors - sect54eng_sm0059
Table 11. Wave Runup Heights - sect54eng_sm0060
Corrosion and Freezing - sect54eng_sm0061
Vandalism and Theft - sect54eng_sm0062
SHORE PROTECTION METHODS - sect54eng_sm0063
Treated Timber - sect54eng_sm0064
Treated Timber (Cont.)
Figure 29. Timber Sheet Pile Bulkhead ( Photo Courtesy of Koppers Company, Inc.)
Figure 31. Plan View and Cross Section of Typical Sheet Pile Bulkhead [American Wood Preservers Institute ( 1970 )
Aluminum
Post Supported Bulkheads - sect54eng_sm0069
Hogwire Fencing and Stacked Bags - sect54eng_sm0070
Untreated Logs - sect54eng_sm0071
Railroad Ties and Steel H-Piles - sect54eng_sm0072
Miscellaneous Bulkheads - sect54eng_sm0073
Stacked Used Tires - sect54eng_sm0074
Used Concrete Pipes - sect54eng_sm0075
Rubble
Quarrystone and Riprap - sect54eng_sm0077
Tables 13, 14 and 15 contain solutions for Equations 17 with an illustrative example of their use
Table 13. Estimated Weight of Armor Stone
Concrete - sect54eng_sm0080
Concrete Blocks - sect54eng_sm0081
Gobi (Erco) and Jumbo Blocks and Mats - sect54eng_sm0082
Figure 46. revetment Blocks ( After U.S. Army corps of Engineers 1981d)
Turfblocks or Monoslabs.
Figure48. Turfblock Revetment
Concrete Masonry Blocks
Lok-Gard Blocks - sect54eng_sm0087
Stacked Bags or Mats - sect54eng_sm0088
Figure 53. Terrafix Block Revetment - sect54eng_sm0089
Figure 54. Stacked Bag Revetment - sect54eng_sm0090
Burlap Bags.
Miscellaneous - sect54eng_sm0092
Steel Fuel Barrels - sect54eng_sm0093
BREAKWATERS - sect54eng_sm0094
Floating Breakwaters - sect54eng_sm0095
Figure 60. Floating Tire Breakwater Modules ( After U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 1978b)
Fastening Materials - sect54eng_sm0097
Figure 61. Transmitted Wave Height Versus Structure Width ( Giles and Eckert 1979)
Fixed Breakwaters and Sills - sect54eng_sm0099
Figure 62. Mooring Loads for Floating Tire Breakwater
Figure 63. before and After Views of a Longard Tube Breakwater
Sand-Filled Bags - sect54eng_sm0102
Grout-Filled Bags - sect54eng_sm0103
Figure 67. Gabion Breakwater
Surgebreaker
Figure 69. Surgebreaker Modules
Sandgrabber
Figure 72. Quarrystone Breakwater
Timber Piles and Brush - sect54eng_sm0109
Stacked Baqs - sect54eng_sm0110
Quarrystone - sect54eng_sm0111
Figure 77. Quarrystone Groin - sect54eng_sm0112
Longard_Tubes - sect54eng_sm0113
Figure 80. Timber Sheet Pile Groin - sect54eng_sm0114
Timber and Rock - sect54eng_sm0115
Figure 83. Timber Plank Groin
Tabke 17. PHI VERSUS MILLIMETER PARTICLE SIZES
Figure 84. Fill factors for Beach Fills ( After Hobson 1977 ) - sect54eng_sm0118
Figure 85. Beach Fill - sect54eng_sm0119
Atlantic Coast Marshes - sect54eng_sm0120
Table 18. Planting Specifications for Marsh Plants
Saltmeadow Cordgrass (Spartina patens)
Figure 87. Site evaluation Form for Marsh Plants ( After U.S. Army Coprs of Engineers 1980 )
Black Needle Rush (juncus roemerianus) - sect54eng_sm0124
Beach and Dune Plants - sect54eng_sm0125
Figure 88. Dune Vegetation - sect54eng_sm0126
American Beachgrass (Ammophila breviligulata)
Saltmeadow Cordgrass (Spartina patens).
Great Lakes Region - sect54eng_sm0129
Figure 89. Concrete Box Sill
PROPRIETARY DEVICES AND SPECIALTY MATERIALS - sect54eng_sm0131
Table 20..
Table 20 (COnt.) - sect54eng_sm0133
Table 20 (COnt.) - sect54eng_sm0134
OVERVIEW OF THE DESIGN PROBLEM - sect54eng_sm0135
Figure 91. Profile and Physical Conditions at the Site
Figure 92. Fetch Lenghts at the Site - sect54eng_sm0137
SELECTION OF DEVICES - sect54eng_sm0138
SELECTION OF DEVICES (Cont.) - sect54eng_sm0139
PERMIT REQUIREMENTS - sect54eng_sm0140
CORPS OF ENGINEERS OFFICES - sect54eng_sm0141
Table 21. CORPS OF ENGINEERS OFFICES - sect54eng_sm0142
Table 21. CORPS OF ENGINEERS OFFICES (Cont.) - sect54eng_sm0143
Table 21. CORPS OF ENGINEERS OFFICES (Cont.) - sect54eng_sm0144
Table 21. CORPS OF ENGINEERS OFFICES (Cont.) - sect54eng_sm0145
Table 21. CORPS OF ENGINEERS OFFICES (Cont.)
Table 21. CORPS OF ENGINEERS OFFICES (Cont.) - sect54eng_sm0147
OTHER SOURCES OF INFORMATION - sect54eng_sm0148
SUGGESTED READING - sect54eng_sm0149
Shore Protection (General) - sect54eng_sm0150
Permits and Regulations - sect54eng_sm0151
GLOSSARY - sect54eng_sm0152
GLOSSARY (Cont.) - sect54eng_sm0153
GLOSSARY (Cont.) - sect54eng_sm0154
GLOSSARY (Cont.) - sect54eng_sm0155
GLOSSARY (Cont.) - sect54eng_sm0156
GLOSSARY (Cont.) - sect54eng_sm0157
GLOSSARY (Cont.) - sect54eng_sm0158
GLOSSARY (Cont.) - sect54eng_sm0159
LITERATURE CITED - sect54eng_sm0160
LITERATURE CITED (Cont.) - sect54eng_sm0161
LITERATURE CITED (Cont.) - sect54eng_sm0162
INTRODUCTION - sect54eng_sm0007
SHORELINE PROCESSES - sect54eng_sm0008
Figure 1. Characteristics of Waves - sect54eng_sm0009
Sediment Transport - sect54eng_sm0010
Sediment Transport (Cont.) - sect54eng_sm0011
Figure 3. Common Soil Classification Systems ( After Wnterkorn and Fang 1975)
Water Level Variations - sect54eng_sm0013
Figure 4. Types af Tides ( Wiegel 1953 )
Storm Effects - sect54eng_sm0015
Lake Level Variations - sect54eng_sm0016
THE EROSION PROBLEM - sect54eng_sm0017
Low Erodible Plains and Sand Beaches - sect54eng_sm0018
Wetlands and Marshes - sect54eng_sm0019
Slope Stability - sect54eng_sm0020
A LOOK AT THE OPTIONS - sect54eng_sm0021
BULKHEADS AND SEAWALLS - sect54eng_sm0022
Figure 7. Uses of Bulkheads - sect54eng_sm0023
BREAKWATERS - sect54eng_sm0024
Figure 9. Plan View of a Breakwater - sect54eng_sm0025
Figure 10. Effects of Groins - sect54eng_sm0026
BEACH FILLS - sect54eng_sm0027
NFILTRATION AND DRAINAGE CONTROLS
Figure 11. Perched Beach - sect54eng_sm0029
STRUCTURES AND FILLS - sect54eng_sm0030
THE DESIGN PROBLEM - sect54eng_sm0031
Applicability to Shoreline Uses - sect54eng_sm0032
Summary - sect54eng_sm0033
Water Levels - sect54eng_sm0034
Wave Heights - sect54eng_sm0035
Table 3. Sample Tide Table ( U.S. Department of Commerce 1976)
Figure 12. Reference Water Levels at Oxford , Maryland
Figure 13. Design Lake Levels 9 after U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 1981a)
Figure 14. Storm Setup Values for the Great Lakes ( After U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 1978d)
Wave Heights (cont.) - sect54eng_sm0040
Figure 15. Fastest-Mile Wind Speeds: 10 - year Return Period
Table 4. PERCENT CHANCE OF DESIGN EVENT OCCURRENCE
Figure 17. Identification of Fecth lengths at a Site
Table 5. Wind-Generated Wave Heights and ( Periods) Fetch Lenghts With Average Deptes = 5 Feet
Table 7. Wind-Generated Wave Heights and ( Periods) Fetch Lenghts With Average Deptes = 15 Feet
Table 9. Wind-Generated Wave Heights and ( Periods) Fetch Lenghts With Average Deptes =25 Feet
Wave Heights (cont.) - sect54eng_sm0047
Figure 18. Dimensionless Design Breaker Height Versus relative Depth at a Structure (Weggel 1972 )
Strength - sect54eng_sm0049
Figure 20. Flexibility as a Structural Requirements
Filtering - sect54eng_sm0051
Filtering (Cont.) - sect54eng_sm0052
Filtering (Cont.) - sect54eng_sm0053
Figire 24. Design Criteria for protective Filters ( U.S. Navy, NAval Facilities Engineering Command 1971)
Flank Protection - sect54eng_sm0055
Figure 25. Flank Protection
Structure Height - sect54eng_sm0057
Figure 26. Local Wavelength Given Depth and Period ( After Giles and Eckert 1979 )
Environmental Factors - sect54eng_sm0059
Table 11. Wave Runup Heights - sect54eng_sm0060
Corrosion and Freezing - sect54eng_sm0061
Vandalism and Theft - sect54eng_sm0062
SHORE PROTECTION METHODS - sect54eng_sm0063
Treated Timber - sect54eng_sm0064
Treated Timber (Cont.)
Figure 29. Timber Sheet Pile Bulkhead ( Photo Courtesy of Koppers Company, Inc.)
Figure 31. Plan View and Cross Section of Typical Sheet Pile Bulkhead [American Wood Preservers Institute ( 1970 )
Aluminum
Post Supported Bulkheads - sect54eng_sm0069
Hogwire Fencing and Stacked Bags - sect54eng_sm0070
Untreated Logs - sect54eng_sm0071
Railroad Ties and Steel H-Piles - sect54eng_sm0072
Miscellaneous Bulkheads - sect54eng_sm0073
Stacked Used Tires - sect54eng_sm0074
Used Concrete Pipes - sect54eng_sm0075
Rubble
Quarrystone and Riprap - sect54eng_sm0077
Tables 13, 14 and 15 contain solutions for Equations 17 with an illustrative example of their use
Table 13. Estimated Weight of Armor Stone
Concrete - sect54eng_sm0080
Concrete Blocks - sect54eng_sm0081
Gobi (Erco) and Jumbo Blocks and Mats - sect54eng_sm0082
Figure 46. revetment Blocks ( After U.S. Army corps of Engineers 1981d)
Turfblocks or Monoslabs.
Figure48. Turfblock Revetment
Concrete Masonry Blocks
Lok-Gard Blocks - sect54eng_sm0087
Stacked Bags or Mats - sect54eng_sm0088
Figure 53. Terrafix Block Revetment - sect54eng_sm0089
Figure 54. Stacked Bag Revetment - sect54eng_sm0090
Burlap Bags.
Miscellaneous - sect54eng_sm0092
Steel Fuel Barrels - sect54eng_sm0093
BREAKWATERS - sect54eng_sm0094
Floating Breakwaters - sect54eng_sm0095
Figure 60. Floating Tire Breakwater Modules ( After U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 1978b)
Fastening Materials - sect54eng_sm0097
Figure 61. Transmitted Wave Height Versus Structure Width ( Giles and Eckert 1979)
Fixed Breakwaters and Sills - sect54eng_sm0099
Figure 62. Mooring Loads for Floating Tire Breakwater
Figure 63. before and After Views of a Longard Tube Breakwater
Sand-Filled Bags - sect54eng_sm0102
Grout-Filled Bags - sect54eng_sm0103
Figure 67. Gabion Breakwater
Surgebreaker
Figure 69. Surgebreaker Modules
Sandgrabber
Figure 72. Quarrystone Breakwater
Timber Piles and Brush - sect54eng_sm0109
Stacked Baqs - sect54eng_sm0110
Quarrystone - sect54eng_sm0111
Figure 77. Quarrystone Groin - sect54eng_sm0112
Longard_Tubes - sect54eng_sm0113
Figure 80. Timber Sheet Pile Groin - sect54eng_sm0114
Timber and Rock - sect54eng_sm0115
Figure 83. Timber Plank Groin
Tabke 17. PHI VERSUS MILLIMETER PARTICLE SIZES
Figure 84. Fill factors for Beach Fills ( After Hobson 1977 ) - sect54eng_sm0118
Figure 85. Beach Fill - sect54eng_sm0119
Atlantic Coast Marshes - sect54eng_sm0120
Table 18. Planting Specifications for Marsh Plants
Saltmeadow Cordgrass (Spartina patens)
Figure 87. Site evaluation Form for Marsh Plants ( After U.S. Army Coprs of Engineers 1980 )
Black Needle Rush (juncus roemerianus) - sect54eng_sm0124
Beach and Dune Plants - sect54eng_sm0125
Figure 88. Dune Vegetation - sect54eng_sm0126
American Beachgrass (Ammophila breviligulata)
Saltmeadow Cordgrass (Spartina patens).
Great Lakes Region - sect54eng_sm0129
Figure 89. Concrete Box Sill
PROPRIETARY DEVICES AND SPECIALTY MATERIALS - sect54eng_sm0131
Table 20..
Table 20 (COnt.) - sect54eng_sm0133
Table 20 (COnt.) - sect54eng_sm0134
OVERVIEW OF THE DESIGN PROBLEM - sect54eng_sm0135
Figure 91. Profile and Physical Conditions at the Site
Figure 92. Fetch Lenghts at the Site - sect54eng_sm0137
SELECTION OF DEVICES - sect54eng_sm0138
SELECTION OF DEVICES (Cont.) - sect54eng_sm0139
PERMIT REQUIREMENTS - sect54eng_sm0140
CORPS OF ENGINEERS OFFICES - sect54eng_sm0141
Table 21. CORPS OF ENGINEERS OFFICES - sect54eng_sm0142
Table 21. CORPS OF ENGINEERS OFFICES (Cont.) - sect54eng_sm0143
Table 21. CORPS OF ENGINEERS OFFICES (Cont.) - sect54eng_sm0144
Table 21. CORPS OF ENGINEERS OFFICES (Cont.) - sect54eng_sm0145
Table 21. CORPS OF ENGINEERS OFFICES (Cont.)
Table 21. CORPS OF ENGINEERS OFFICES (Cont.) - sect54eng_sm0147
OTHER SOURCES OF INFORMATION - sect54eng_sm0148
SUGGESTED READING - sect54eng_sm0149
Shore Protection (General) - sect54eng_sm0150
Permits and Regulations - sect54eng_sm0151
GLOSSARY - sect54eng_sm0152
GLOSSARY (Cont.) - sect54eng_sm0153
GLOSSARY (Cont.) - sect54eng_sm0154
GLOSSARY (Cont.) - sect54eng_sm0155
GLOSSARY (Cont.) - sect54eng_sm0156
GLOSSARY (Cont.) - sect54eng_sm0157
GLOSSARY (Cont.) - sect54eng_sm0158
GLOSSARY (Cont.) - sect54eng_sm0159
LITERATURE CITED - sect54eng_sm0160
LITERATURE CITED (Cont.) - sect54eng_sm0161
LITERATURE CITED (Cont.) - sect54eng_sm0162
