SHORE PROTECTION METHODS
This section will examine specific devices, including structures and vegetation, in more detail.
Where past performance data are available, these will be incorporated in the discussion.
BULKHEADS
Because bulkheads normally have vertical faces for ease of construction and cost efficiency, wave
reflections are maximized, increasing the potential for overtopping and scour in front of the structure.
Since scour can be a serious problem, toe protection is necessary for stability. Typical toe protection
consists of quarrystone large enough to resist movement by wave forces, with an underlying layer of
granular material or filter cloth to prevent the soil from being washed through voids in the scour apron.
Sheet Pile Bulkheads
Wave Height Range: Above five feet.
Sheet piling is available in different materials, including steel, aluminum and timber. These are
used in structures that may be either cantilevers or anchored (Figure 28).
Detailed design procedures
are available in standard references such as the Steel Sheet Piling Design Manual [U. S. Steel
Corporation (1975)].
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