CHAPTER 1. WATERSHED - RESERVOIR PROCESSES: RELATION TO WATER QUALITY
Infiltration and Runof
SCS Curve Number Determination - WQ_Manual0011
Table 1.1.1. General SCS Runoff Curve Numbers for rural Lands Including Feed Lot
Precipitation and Snowmel
Figure 1.1.2. Graphical Solution to the SCS Curve Number Equation (after SCS, 1986)
Precipitation and Snowmel (Cont.)
Functional Relationship of Loads and Concentrations - WQ_Manual0016
Figure 1.1.3. Water Budget for the Lumped Parameter GWLF Stream Flow Model (after Haith and Shoemaker, 1987)
Evapotranspiration - WQ_Manual0018
Nutrient Budget for the Loading Function - WQ_Manual0019
Cropland and Forest Dissolved Nutrient Loading - WQ_Manual0020
Dissolved Nutrient Concentrations
Rural Sediment and Sediment-Attached Nutrient Loading
Rainfall Erosivity - WQ_Manual0023
Topographic Factor
Sediment Delivery - WQ_Manual0025
Figure 1.1.5 Sediment Delivery Ration as a Function of Watershed Drainage Area. (after Roehl, 1962
Sediment-Attached Nutrient Loading - WQ_Manual0027
Feedlot Pollutant Runoff - WQ_Manual0028
Figure 1.1.6. Feedlot site plan. (After Young et al. 1982)
Determine animal unit density (AUD)
Determine percent manure pack
Figure 1.1.7. Percent manure pack vs. animal unit density. (from Young et al., 1982
Table 1.1.5. Background Runoff Concentrations of Total Phosphorus and Chemical Oxygen Demand For Rural Land Uses
Table 1.1.6. Background Runoff Concentrations For Total Nitrogen From Rural Land Uses. - WQ_Manual0034
Determine pollutant concentration at feedlot edge (CF)
NONPOINT SOURCES - WQ_Manual0036
Urban and Industrial Sites - WQ_Manual0037
Table 1.1.7. Urban Event Mean Concentrations for Several Pollutant nd their Variability
Table 1.1.8. Urban Runoff Curve Number
Forestry - WQ_Manual0040
Table 1.1.9 Characterization of the 20 Study Sites - WQ_Manual0041
Table 1.1.10 Concentrations of Metals and Other Analytes in First Flush Runoff Sample and Storm Rainfall - WQ_Manual0042
Table 1.1.11 Concentrations (mg/l) of Conventional Water Quality Parameters n First Flush Runoff Samples
Construction
NONPOINT SOURCE SIMULATION MODELS - WQ_Manual0045
Estimating On-Site and Off-Site Impacts
REFERENCES - WQ_Manual0047
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0048
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0049
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0050
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0051
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0052
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0053
PRACTICAL LIMNOLOGY - WQ_Manual0054
WHAT ARE THE KINDS OF SYSTEMS? - WQ_Manual0055
INTRODUCTION TO RESERVOIRS - WQ_Manual0056
TERMINOLOGY - WQ_Manual0057
Physical Processes - Light and Thermal Energy - WQ_Manual0058
Table 1.2.1. Some Characteristics of Reservoirs Compared to Natural Lakes - WQ_Manual0059
Physical Properties of Water - WQ_Manual0060
Physical Properties of Water (Cont.)
Figure 1.2.3 The relationship between temperature and density for pure water. - WQ_Manual0062
Thermal Energy and the Ecosystem - WQ_Manual0063
Thermal Energy and the Ecosystem (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0064
Figure 1.2.4. Diagram illustrating thermal patterns typical of a stratified monomictic lake. - WQ_Manual0065
Figure 1.2.5. The extinction of light in pure water - WQ_Manual0066
Figure 1.2.6. Wavelength dependence of extinction coefficient and the effect of penetration of light in water - WQ_Manual0067
MIXES
Stability and Heat Budgets - WQ_Manual0069
Stability Equation - WQ_Manual0070
RESERVOIR ZONATION - WQ_Manual0071
Chemical Processes - WQ_Manual0072
Figure 1.2.8 Consequence of construction of Richard B. Russell Lake on phosphorus oading to J. Strom Thurmond Lake, just downstream
Figure 1.2.9 Theoretical hydrograph showing the major features of stream flow through a storm event - WQ_Manual0074
Henry's Law of Solubility - WQ_Manual0075
Henry's Law of Solubility (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0076
Henry's Law of Solubility (Cont.)
HABITAT AND LIFE ZONES - WQ_Manual0078
HABITAT AND LIFE ZONES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0079
HABITAT AND LIFE ZONES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0080
BIOTA: MAJOR COMPONENTS IN LAKES - WQ_Manual0081
BIOTA: MAJOR COMPONENTS IN LAKES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0082
BIOTA 2: FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS - WQ_Manual0083
RESERVOIRS - WQ_Manual0084
PROJECT PURPOSES - WQ_Manual0085
Figure 1.2.10. Distributions of natural lakes and reservoirs (based on Walker 1981)
Figure 1.2.11 Distribution of Corps of Engineers projects by type - WQ_Manual0087
RESERVOIR OPERATIONS - WQ_Manual0088
RESERVOIR OPERATIONS (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0089
Figure 1.2.13 Example of surface withdrawal structure (USACE 1987)
Figure 1.2.14 Dual wet well multilevel withdrawal structure (USACE 1987) - WQ_Manual0091
Figure 1.2.15 Schematic of a hydropower facility (USACE 1987) - WQ_Manual0092
HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS AND THE FACTORS CONTROLLING ALGAL GROWTH - WQ_Manual0093
Major Algal Groups - WQ_Manual0094
Diatoms and golden-brown algae
Cyanobacteria: the Blue -Green Algae - WQ_Manual0096
Other Important Differences Between Cyanobacteria and True Algae.
Nuisance Growth and Harmful Algal Blooms - Growth and Control - WQ_Manual0098
What Causes Nuisance Growth
Ecological Growth Control - WQ_Manual0100
Factors Under Hydro-project Control - WQ_Manual0101
Nutrient Ratios - WQ_Manual0102
Nutrient Limitation - WQ_Manual0103
Future Outlook for HABs - WQ_Manual0104
Specific References - WQ_Manual0105
General References - WQ_Manual0106
Pfiesteria References - WQ_Manual0107
General and Review References - WQ_Manual0108
General and Review References (COnt.) - WQ_Manual0109
General and Review References (COnt.) - WQ_Manual0110
General and Review References (COnt.) - WQ_Manual0111
REFERENCES - WQ_Manual0112
OVERVIEW OF LIMNOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN TAILWATERS - WQ_Manual0113
Figure 1.3.1 Three major types of flow regulation at reservoirs: A) attenuation, B) storage, and C) manipulation - WQ_Manual0114
Figure 1.3.2 Idealized reservoir tailwater depicting morphometric features (e.g. riffles and pools), downstream users, material transport/deposition scenarios, and flow related nfluences.
HYDROLOGY/MATERIAL TRANSPORT - WQ_Manual0116
HYDROLOGY/MATERIAL TRANSPORT (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0117
Figure 1.3.4 Physical model simulation of currents downstream from a hydropower dam - WQ_Manual0118
Figure 1.3.5 Idealized velocity distributions in channels of different slopes - WQ_Manual0119
HYDROLOGY/MATERIAL TRANSPORT (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0120
Figure 1.3.7 Tailwater hydrographs in response to different retention times for a rapid and high flow event and an event of lesser magnitude but longer duration
Figure 1.3.8 Hydrographs from (A) a hydropower operation (mean daily discharge), (B) a flood control project in New York, and (C) a flood control project in Arizona. - WQ_Manual0122
Figure 1.3.9 Hourly discharge from a peaking, hydropower operation. - WQ_Manual0123
MORPHOLOGY - WQ_Manual0124
THERMAL PATTERNS - WQ_Manual0125
Figure 1.3.11 Temperature and dissolved oxygen concentrations from the releases from Hartwell Dam (a peaking hydropower project on the Georgia and South Carolina border) depicting A) seasonal and annual cycles and B) daily cycles. - WQ_Manual0126
Figure 1.3.12 Effects of selective withdrawal from various depths upon flow patterns, density, and temperature profiles, in homogeneous and stratified lakes. - WQ_Manual0127
Figure 1.3.13 Temperature and dissolved oxygen concentrations in response to peaking hydropower generation in (figure b provided for eference) the tailwater of West Point Lake, Georgia and Alabama.
Figure 1.3.14 Change in dissolved oxygen concentrations in the release waters from West Point Dam as a function of travel time (distance) - WQ_Manual0129
CHEMICAL PROCESSES - WQ_Manual0130
CHEMICAL PROCESSES (cont.) - WQ_Manual0131
Figure 1.3.16 Temporal patterns in total iron and manganese concentrations in a reservoir tailwater (East Sidney Lake, NY). (Hydrograph provided for reference.)
Figure 1.3.17 Temporal patterns in dissolved and particulate iron and manganese concentrations in a reservoirs tailwater (Lake Hartwell, GA/SC)
Figure 1.3.19 Temporal patterns of total nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in reservoir tailwaters (East Sidney Lake, NY).
Figure 1.3.20 Spatial trends in ammonia and nitrate concentrations in reservoir tailwaters during high (H) and low (L) flow (Nimrod Lake, AR).
Figure 1.3.21 Variation of suspended solids with time in the tailwater of Allatoona Lake, GA (note relatively low and constant concentrations)
BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES - WQ_Manual0137
BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES (Cont.)
SUMMARY - WQ_Manual0139
REFERENCES - WQ_Manual0140
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0141
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0142
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0143
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0144
CHAPTER 2. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT
WATER QUALITY BIOCRITERIA AND INDICATORS - WQ_Manual0146
WATER QUALITY BIOCRITERIA AND INDICATORS (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0147
Table 2.1 Features Useful for Developing Indicators - WQ_Manual0148
OVERVIEW OF CONTAMINANTS, SPILLS, ETC. - WQ_Manual0149
MERCURY
Figure 2.1.1 Summary of major processes and mechanisms in the interactions between dissolved and solid species in surface waters. - WQ_Manual0151
Figure 2.1.2 Dissolution of ferric oxyhydroxide layer and release of coprecipitated metals in an acid, reducing environment - WQ_Manual0152
CHEMICAL SPILLS - WQ_Manual0153
DATA ANALYSIS - WQ_Manual0154
SAMPLE DESIGN - WQ_Manual0155
Figure 2.1.4 Hypothetical time scale for selected physical, chemical and biological processes - WQ_Manual0156
SAMPLE DESIGN (Cont.)
WATER QUALITY MODELS
Table 2.1.1 Selected Water Quality Models - WQ_Manual0159
REFERENCES - WQ_Manual0160
REFERENCES - continued - WQ_Manual0161
REFERENCES - continued - WQ_Manual0162
REFERENCES - continued - WQ_Manual0163
ASSESSMENT OF WATERSHED PROCESSES - WQ_Manual0164
Documenting a Cause-and-Effect Relationship - WQ_Manual0165
Elements of Monitoring Needed to Link Land Management Modifications with Water Quality Changes - WQ_Manual0166
Quantitative Monitoring of Land Management. - WQ_Manual0167
Matching of Land Treatment and Water Quality Data on a Spatial (Drainage) Scale.
Summary - WQ_Manual0169
References - WQ_Manual0170
ASSESSMENT OF RESERVOIR PROCESSES - WQ_Manual0171
LAKE ASSESSMENT, THE FIRST STEP - WQ_Manual0172
The Practical Reality - WQ_Manual0173
The Methods of Assessment - Field Collections - WQ_Manual0174
SAMPLING CONSIDERATIONS - WQ_Manual0175
Temporal Dependence - WQ_Manual0176
Loading
FIELD DATA - DATABASE - WQ_Manual0178
Specialized Analyses - WQ_Manual0179
Other Specialized Assessment Methods - WQ_Manual0180
CASE STUDY - RICHARD B. RUSSELL LAKE - WQ_Manual0181
REFERENCES - WQ_Manual0182
REFERENCES (cont.) - WQ_Manual0183
ASSESSMENT OF TAILWATER PROCESSES - WQ_Manual0184
SAMPLING CONSIDERATIONS - WQ_Manual0185
Figure 2.4.1 Decision diagram for implementing a monitoring program with remote monitors. Modified from Lemons et al. (1998)
ANALYTICAL TOOLS
REFERENCES - WQ_Manual0188
CHAPTER 3. INTERACTIONS WITH OTHERS
DEFINING MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES - WQ_Manual0190
Table 3.1.1 Clean Water and Watershed Restoration Budget Initiative - WQ_Manual0191
RISK ASSESSMENT - WQ_Manual0192
DISCUSSION - WQ_Manual0193
REFERENCES - WQ_Manual0194
CHAPTER 4 . ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES
WATERSHED TECHNIQUES - WQ_Manual0196
TECHNOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONS - WQ_Manual0197
Best Management Practices - WQ_Manual0198
Vegetative Controls
Infiltration Devices - WQ_Manual0200
Forestry - WQ_Manual0201
Forestry (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0202
Forestry (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0203
Agriculture
Conservation Tillage - WQ_Manual0205
Terraces - WQ_Manual0206
Irrigation System Furrow Improvements
Irrigation System Furrow Improvements (Cont.)
Animal Waste Management Systems - WQ_Manual0209
Nutrient Management Systems - WQ_Manual0210
Nutrient Management Systems (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0211
Nutrient Management Systems (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0212
Grassed Waterways - WQ_Manual0213
Filter Strips - WQ_Manual0214
Site Selection - WQ_Manual0215
Installation - WQ_Manual0216
REFERENCES - WQ_Manual0217
REFERENCES (cont.) - WQ_Manual0218
REFERENCES (cont.) - WQ_Manual0219
REFERENCES (cont.) - WQ_Manual0220
REFERENCES (cont.) - WQ_Manual0221
REFERENCES (cont.) - WQ_Manual0222
REFERENCES (cont.) - WQ_Manual0223
REFERENCES (cont.) - WQ_Manual0224
REFERENCES (cont.) - WQ_Manual0225
REFERENCES (cont.) - WQ_Manual0226
REFERENCES (cont.) - WQ_Manual0227
REFERENCES (cont.) - WQ_Manual0228
REFERENCES (cont.) - WQ_Manual0229
REFERENCES (cont.) - WQ_Manual0230
Table 4.2.1. Total Nitrogen and Total Phosphorus Concentration in Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent - WQ_Manual0231
Table 4.2.3. Summary of Best Management Practices - WQ_Manual0232
Table 4.2.4. Computed Fractions of Clay, Silt and Aggregates Entering a Grass Filter Strip from a Silt Loam Soil - WQ_Manual0233
Table 4.2.6. Sample Calculations for the Sediment Delivery Ratio - WQ_Manual0234
and Sources of Pollutants (Cite)
Table 4.2.7 (Continued) - WQ_Manual0236
Table 4.2.7 (Continued) - WQ_Manual0237
Table 4.2.7 (Concluded)
IN-RESERVOIR TECHNIQUES: SELECTIVE WITHDRAWAL - WQ_Manual0239
Figure 4.3.1 Schematic of withdrawal zone - WQ_Manual0240
Applications of Selective Withdrawal - WQ_Manual0241
Summary - WQ_Manual0242
HYPOLIMNETIC WITHDRAWAL
Evaluation Methodology - WQ_Manual0244
Review of Applications - WQ_Manual0245
UNDERWATER SKIMMING WEIR OR SUBMERGED CURTAINS
Theory - WQ_Manual0247
Applications - WQ_Manual0248
Table 4.3.3. Summary of Temperature Control Weirs and Curtains
Theory - WQ_Manual0250
Applications of Submerged Skimming Weirs - WQ_Manual0251
Summary - WQ_Manual0252
References - WQ_Manual0253
References (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0254
References (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0255
IN-RESERVOIR TECHNIQUES - OPERATIONAL TECHNIQUES - WQ_Manual0256
Design Criteria - WQ_Manual0257
Implementation - WQ_Manual0258
Summary - WQ_Manual0259
INFLOW ROUTING - WQ_Manual0260
Implementation - WQ_Manual0261
Summary - WQ_Manual0262
Design Criteria - WQ_Manual0263
Figure 4.4.3 Example of improved dissolved oxygen with supplemental releases - WQ_Manual0264
Implementation - WQ_Manual0265
CONCENTRATION OF FLOW THROUGH ONE GATE
Evaluation Methodology - WQ_Manual0267
Implementation - WQ_Manual0268
Summary - WQ_Manual0269
Design Criteria - WQ_Manual0270
Figure 4.4.5 Release temperatures from a selective withdrawal tower based upon a "best daily" operation and then a "seasonal" operation - WQ_Manual0271
Implementation - WQ_Manual0272
Summary - WQ_Manual0273
REFERENCES - WQ_Manual0274
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0275
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0276
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0277
IN-RESERVOIR TECHNIQUES: AERATORS/OXYGENATION - WQ_Manual0278
Figure 4.5.1 Example hypolimnetic aeration devices - WQ_Manual0279
Figure 4.5.1 Example hypolimnetic aeration devices - WQ_Manual0280
DESIGN METHODOLOGY - WQ_Manual0281
SUMMARY - WQ_Manual0282
REFERENCES - WQ_Manual0283
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0284
Problem Addressed - WQ_Manual0285
Figure 4.6.1 Destratification induced by bubble column - WQ_Manual0286
Applications of Pneumatic Destratification - WQ_Manual0287
Table 4.6.1. Pneumatic Destratification Installations
Applications of Pneumatic Destratification (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0289
LOCALIZED MIXING - WQ_Manual0290
Theory - WQ_Manual0291
Figure 4.6.2 Schematic of localized mixing application - WQ_Manual0292
Applications of Localized Mixing - WQ_Manual0293
Summary - WQ_Manual0294
REFERENCES - WQ_Manual0295
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0296
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0297
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0298
PROBLEM ADDRESSED - WQ_Manual0299
Design Methodology - WQ_Manual0300
Applications - WQ_Manual0301
Applications (Cont.)
Summary - WQ_Manual0303
Design Methodology - WQ_Manual0304
Applications - WQ_Manual0305
Summary - WQ_Manual0306
FORCED AIR - WQ_Manual0307
REFERENCES - WQ_Manual0308
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0309
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0310
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0311
Table 4.7.4. Aeration Experience in Retrofitting Existing Turbines - WQ_Manual0312
Table 4.7.4. Aeration Experience in Retrofitting Existing Turbines (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0313
TAILWATER TECHNIQUES - WQ_Manual0314
Design Considerations - WQ_Manual0315
Figure 4.8.1 Discharge below Douglas Dam with Turbine Pulsing - WQ_Manual0316
Applications - WQ_Manual0317
Summary - WQ_Manual0318
TAILWATER TECHNIQUES: AERATING WEIRS - WQ_Manual0319
Theory - WQ_Manual0320
Figure 4.8.2 Aerating Weir Types - WQ_Manual0321
Design and Construction Considerations - WQ_Manual0322
Summary - WQ_Manual0323
REFERENCES - WQ_Manual0324
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0325
ALTERNATE MANAGEMENT OPPORTUNITIES
BIOLOGICAL MANIPULATION - WQ_Manual0327
Figure 4.9.1 The aquatic food chain, indicating interactions between the components of the biomanipulation model (after Shapiro et al. 1982)
REFERENCES - WQ_Manual0329
CHAPTER 5. POST-PROJECT EVALUATION PROCESSES
SHORT AND LONG TERM TRENDS - WQ_Manual0331
WQ_Manual
Infiltration and Runof
SCS Curve Number Determination - WQ_Manual0011
Table 1.1.1. General SCS Runoff Curve Numbers for rural Lands Including Feed Lot
Precipitation and Snowmel
Figure 1.1.2. Graphical Solution to the SCS Curve Number Equation (after SCS, 1986)
Precipitation and Snowmel (Cont.)
Functional Relationship of Loads and Concentrations - WQ_Manual0016
Figure 1.1.3. Water Budget for the Lumped Parameter GWLF Stream Flow Model (after Haith and Shoemaker, 1987)
Evapotranspiration - WQ_Manual0018
Nutrient Budget for the Loading Function - WQ_Manual0019
Cropland and Forest Dissolved Nutrient Loading - WQ_Manual0020
Dissolved Nutrient Concentrations
Rural Sediment and Sediment-Attached Nutrient Loading
Rainfall Erosivity - WQ_Manual0023
Topographic Factor
Sediment Delivery - WQ_Manual0025
Figure 1.1.5 Sediment Delivery Ration as a Function of Watershed Drainage Area. (after Roehl, 1962
Sediment-Attached Nutrient Loading - WQ_Manual0027
Feedlot Pollutant Runoff - WQ_Manual0028
Figure 1.1.6. Feedlot site plan. (After Young et al. 1982)
Determine animal unit density (AUD)
Determine percent manure pack
Figure 1.1.7. Percent manure pack vs. animal unit density. (from Young et al., 1982
Table 1.1.5. Background Runoff Concentrations of Total Phosphorus and Chemical Oxygen Demand For Rural Land Uses
Table 1.1.6. Background Runoff Concentrations For Total Nitrogen From Rural Land Uses. - WQ_Manual0034
Determine pollutant concentration at feedlot edge (CF)
NONPOINT SOURCES - WQ_Manual0036
Urban and Industrial Sites - WQ_Manual0037
Table 1.1.7. Urban Event Mean Concentrations for Several Pollutant nd their Variability
Table 1.1.8. Urban Runoff Curve Number
Forestry - WQ_Manual0040
Table 1.1.9 Characterization of the 20 Study Sites - WQ_Manual0041
Table 1.1.10 Concentrations of Metals and Other Analytes in First Flush Runoff Sample and Storm Rainfall - WQ_Manual0042
Table 1.1.11 Concentrations (mg/l) of Conventional Water Quality Parameters n First Flush Runoff Samples
Construction
NONPOINT SOURCE SIMULATION MODELS - WQ_Manual0045
Estimating On-Site and Off-Site Impacts
REFERENCES - WQ_Manual0047
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0048
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0049
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0050
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0051
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0052
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0053
PRACTICAL LIMNOLOGY - WQ_Manual0054
WHAT ARE THE KINDS OF SYSTEMS? - WQ_Manual0055
INTRODUCTION TO RESERVOIRS - WQ_Manual0056
TERMINOLOGY - WQ_Manual0057
Physical Processes - Light and Thermal Energy - WQ_Manual0058
Table 1.2.1. Some Characteristics of Reservoirs Compared to Natural Lakes - WQ_Manual0059
Physical Properties of Water - WQ_Manual0060
Physical Properties of Water (Cont.)
Figure 1.2.3 The relationship between temperature and density for pure water. - WQ_Manual0062
Thermal Energy and the Ecosystem - WQ_Manual0063
Thermal Energy and the Ecosystem (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0064
Figure 1.2.4. Diagram illustrating thermal patterns typical of a stratified monomictic lake. - WQ_Manual0065
Figure 1.2.5. The extinction of light in pure water - WQ_Manual0066
Figure 1.2.6. Wavelength dependence of extinction coefficient and the effect of penetration of light in water - WQ_Manual0067
MIXES
Stability and Heat Budgets - WQ_Manual0069
Stability Equation - WQ_Manual0070
RESERVOIR ZONATION - WQ_Manual0071
Chemical Processes - WQ_Manual0072
Figure 1.2.8 Consequence of construction of Richard B. Russell Lake on phosphorus oading to J. Strom Thurmond Lake, just downstream
Figure 1.2.9 Theoretical hydrograph showing the major features of stream flow through a storm event - WQ_Manual0074
Henry's Law of Solubility - WQ_Manual0075
Henry's Law of Solubility (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0076
Henry's Law of Solubility (Cont.)
HABITAT AND LIFE ZONES - WQ_Manual0078
HABITAT AND LIFE ZONES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0079
HABITAT AND LIFE ZONES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0080
BIOTA: MAJOR COMPONENTS IN LAKES - WQ_Manual0081
BIOTA: MAJOR COMPONENTS IN LAKES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0082
BIOTA 2: FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS - WQ_Manual0083
RESERVOIRS - WQ_Manual0084
PROJECT PURPOSES - WQ_Manual0085
Figure 1.2.10. Distributions of natural lakes and reservoirs (based on Walker 1981)
Figure 1.2.11 Distribution of Corps of Engineers projects by type - WQ_Manual0087
RESERVOIR OPERATIONS - WQ_Manual0088
RESERVOIR OPERATIONS (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0089
Figure 1.2.13 Example of surface withdrawal structure (USACE 1987)
Figure 1.2.14 Dual wet well multilevel withdrawal structure (USACE 1987) - WQ_Manual0091
Figure 1.2.15 Schematic of a hydropower facility (USACE 1987) - WQ_Manual0092
HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS AND THE FACTORS CONTROLLING ALGAL GROWTH - WQ_Manual0093
Major Algal Groups - WQ_Manual0094
Diatoms and golden-brown algae
Cyanobacteria: the Blue -Green Algae - WQ_Manual0096
Other Important Differences Between Cyanobacteria and True Algae.
Nuisance Growth and Harmful Algal Blooms - Growth and Control - WQ_Manual0098
What Causes Nuisance Growth
Ecological Growth Control - WQ_Manual0100
Factors Under Hydro-project Control - WQ_Manual0101
Nutrient Ratios - WQ_Manual0102
Nutrient Limitation - WQ_Manual0103
Future Outlook for HABs - WQ_Manual0104
Specific References - WQ_Manual0105
General References - WQ_Manual0106
Pfiesteria References - WQ_Manual0107
General and Review References - WQ_Manual0108
General and Review References (COnt.) - WQ_Manual0109
General and Review References (COnt.) - WQ_Manual0110
General and Review References (COnt.) - WQ_Manual0111
REFERENCES - WQ_Manual0112
OVERVIEW OF LIMNOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN TAILWATERS - WQ_Manual0113
Figure 1.3.1 Three major types of flow regulation at reservoirs: A) attenuation, B) storage, and C) manipulation - WQ_Manual0114
Figure 1.3.2 Idealized reservoir tailwater depicting morphometric features (e.g. riffles and pools), downstream users, material transport/deposition scenarios, and flow related nfluences.
HYDROLOGY/MATERIAL TRANSPORT - WQ_Manual0116
HYDROLOGY/MATERIAL TRANSPORT (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0117
Figure 1.3.4 Physical model simulation of currents downstream from a hydropower dam - WQ_Manual0118
Figure 1.3.5 Idealized velocity distributions in channels of different slopes - WQ_Manual0119
HYDROLOGY/MATERIAL TRANSPORT (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0120
Figure 1.3.7 Tailwater hydrographs in response to different retention times for a rapid and high flow event and an event of lesser magnitude but longer duration
Figure 1.3.8 Hydrographs from (A) a hydropower operation (mean daily discharge), (B) a flood control project in New York, and (C) a flood control project in Arizona. - WQ_Manual0122
Figure 1.3.9 Hourly discharge from a peaking, hydropower operation. - WQ_Manual0123
MORPHOLOGY - WQ_Manual0124
THERMAL PATTERNS - WQ_Manual0125
Figure 1.3.11 Temperature and dissolved oxygen concentrations from the releases from Hartwell Dam (a peaking hydropower project on the Georgia and South Carolina border) depicting A) seasonal and annual cycles and B) daily cycles. - WQ_Manual0126
Figure 1.3.12 Effects of selective withdrawal from various depths upon flow patterns, density, and temperature profiles, in homogeneous and stratified lakes. - WQ_Manual0127
Figure 1.3.13 Temperature and dissolved oxygen concentrations in response to peaking hydropower generation in (figure b provided for eference) the tailwater of West Point Lake, Georgia and Alabama.
Figure 1.3.14 Change in dissolved oxygen concentrations in the release waters from West Point Dam as a function of travel time (distance) - WQ_Manual0129
CHEMICAL PROCESSES - WQ_Manual0130
CHEMICAL PROCESSES (cont.) - WQ_Manual0131
Figure 1.3.16 Temporal patterns in total iron and manganese concentrations in a reservoir tailwater (East Sidney Lake, NY). (Hydrograph provided for reference.)
Figure 1.3.17 Temporal patterns in dissolved and particulate iron and manganese concentrations in a reservoirs tailwater (Lake Hartwell, GA/SC)
Figure 1.3.19 Temporal patterns of total nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in reservoir tailwaters (East Sidney Lake, NY).
Figure 1.3.20 Spatial trends in ammonia and nitrate concentrations in reservoir tailwaters during high (H) and low (L) flow (Nimrod Lake, AR).
Figure 1.3.21 Variation of suspended solids with time in the tailwater of Allatoona Lake, GA (note relatively low and constant concentrations)
BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES - WQ_Manual0137
BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES (Cont.)
SUMMARY - WQ_Manual0139
REFERENCES - WQ_Manual0140
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0141
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0142
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0143
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0144
CHAPTER 2. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT
WATER QUALITY BIOCRITERIA AND INDICATORS - WQ_Manual0146
WATER QUALITY BIOCRITERIA AND INDICATORS (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0147
Table 2.1 Features Useful for Developing Indicators - WQ_Manual0148
OVERVIEW OF CONTAMINANTS, SPILLS, ETC. - WQ_Manual0149
MERCURY
Figure 2.1.1 Summary of major processes and mechanisms in the interactions between dissolved and solid species in surface waters. - WQ_Manual0151
Figure 2.1.2 Dissolution of ferric oxyhydroxide layer and release of coprecipitated metals in an acid, reducing environment - WQ_Manual0152
CHEMICAL SPILLS - WQ_Manual0153
DATA ANALYSIS - WQ_Manual0154
SAMPLE DESIGN - WQ_Manual0155
Figure 2.1.4 Hypothetical time scale for selected physical, chemical and biological processes - WQ_Manual0156
SAMPLE DESIGN (Cont.)
WATER QUALITY MODELS
Table 2.1.1 Selected Water Quality Models - WQ_Manual0159
REFERENCES - WQ_Manual0160
REFERENCES - continued - WQ_Manual0161
REFERENCES - continued - WQ_Manual0162
REFERENCES - continued - WQ_Manual0163
ASSESSMENT OF WATERSHED PROCESSES - WQ_Manual0164
Documenting a Cause-and-Effect Relationship - WQ_Manual0165
Elements of Monitoring Needed to Link Land Management Modifications with Water Quality Changes - WQ_Manual0166
Quantitative Monitoring of Land Management. - WQ_Manual0167
Matching of Land Treatment and Water Quality Data on a Spatial (Drainage) Scale.
Summary - WQ_Manual0169
References - WQ_Manual0170
ASSESSMENT OF RESERVOIR PROCESSES - WQ_Manual0171
LAKE ASSESSMENT, THE FIRST STEP - WQ_Manual0172
The Practical Reality - WQ_Manual0173
The Methods of Assessment - Field Collections - WQ_Manual0174
SAMPLING CONSIDERATIONS - WQ_Manual0175
Temporal Dependence - WQ_Manual0176
Loading
FIELD DATA - DATABASE - WQ_Manual0178
Specialized Analyses - WQ_Manual0179
Other Specialized Assessment Methods - WQ_Manual0180
CASE STUDY - RICHARD B. RUSSELL LAKE - WQ_Manual0181
REFERENCES - WQ_Manual0182
REFERENCES (cont.) - WQ_Manual0183
ASSESSMENT OF TAILWATER PROCESSES - WQ_Manual0184
SAMPLING CONSIDERATIONS - WQ_Manual0185
Figure 2.4.1 Decision diagram for implementing a monitoring program with remote monitors. Modified from Lemons et al. (1998)
ANALYTICAL TOOLS
REFERENCES - WQ_Manual0188
CHAPTER 3. INTERACTIONS WITH OTHERS
DEFINING MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES - WQ_Manual0190
Table 3.1.1 Clean Water and Watershed Restoration Budget Initiative - WQ_Manual0191
RISK ASSESSMENT - WQ_Manual0192
DISCUSSION - WQ_Manual0193
REFERENCES - WQ_Manual0194
CHAPTER 4 . ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES
WATERSHED TECHNIQUES - WQ_Manual0196
TECHNOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONS - WQ_Manual0197
Best Management Practices - WQ_Manual0198
Vegetative Controls
Infiltration Devices - WQ_Manual0200
Forestry - WQ_Manual0201
Forestry (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0202
Forestry (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0203
Agriculture
Conservation Tillage - WQ_Manual0205
Terraces - WQ_Manual0206
Irrigation System Furrow Improvements
Irrigation System Furrow Improvements (Cont.)
Animal Waste Management Systems - WQ_Manual0209
Nutrient Management Systems - WQ_Manual0210
Nutrient Management Systems (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0211
Nutrient Management Systems (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0212
Grassed Waterways - WQ_Manual0213
Filter Strips - WQ_Manual0214
Site Selection - WQ_Manual0215
Installation - WQ_Manual0216
REFERENCES - WQ_Manual0217
REFERENCES (cont.) - WQ_Manual0218
REFERENCES (cont.) - WQ_Manual0219
REFERENCES (cont.) - WQ_Manual0220
REFERENCES (cont.) - WQ_Manual0221
REFERENCES (cont.) - WQ_Manual0222
REFERENCES (cont.) - WQ_Manual0223
REFERENCES (cont.) - WQ_Manual0224
REFERENCES (cont.) - WQ_Manual0225
REFERENCES (cont.) - WQ_Manual0226
REFERENCES (cont.) - WQ_Manual0227
REFERENCES (cont.) - WQ_Manual0228
REFERENCES (cont.) - WQ_Manual0229
REFERENCES (cont.) - WQ_Manual0230
Table 4.2.1. Total Nitrogen and Total Phosphorus Concentration in Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent - WQ_Manual0231
Table 4.2.3. Summary of Best Management Practices - WQ_Manual0232
Table 4.2.4. Computed Fractions of Clay, Silt and Aggregates Entering a Grass Filter Strip from a Silt Loam Soil - WQ_Manual0233
Table 4.2.6. Sample Calculations for the Sediment Delivery Ratio - WQ_Manual0234
and Sources of Pollutants (Cite)
Table 4.2.7 (Continued) - WQ_Manual0236
Table 4.2.7 (Continued) - WQ_Manual0237
Table 4.2.7 (Concluded)
IN-RESERVOIR TECHNIQUES: SELECTIVE WITHDRAWAL - WQ_Manual0239
Figure 4.3.1 Schematic of withdrawal zone - WQ_Manual0240
Applications of Selective Withdrawal - WQ_Manual0241
Summary - WQ_Manual0242
HYPOLIMNETIC WITHDRAWAL
Evaluation Methodology - WQ_Manual0244
Review of Applications - WQ_Manual0245
UNDERWATER SKIMMING WEIR OR SUBMERGED CURTAINS
Theory - WQ_Manual0247
Applications - WQ_Manual0248
Table 4.3.3. Summary of Temperature Control Weirs and Curtains
Theory - WQ_Manual0250
Applications of Submerged Skimming Weirs - WQ_Manual0251
Summary - WQ_Manual0252
References - WQ_Manual0253
References (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0254
References (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0255
IN-RESERVOIR TECHNIQUES - OPERATIONAL TECHNIQUES - WQ_Manual0256
Design Criteria - WQ_Manual0257
Implementation - WQ_Manual0258
Summary - WQ_Manual0259
INFLOW ROUTING - WQ_Manual0260
Implementation - WQ_Manual0261
Summary - WQ_Manual0262
Design Criteria - WQ_Manual0263
Figure 4.4.3 Example of improved dissolved oxygen with supplemental releases - WQ_Manual0264
Implementation - WQ_Manual0265
CONCENTRATION OF FLOW THROUGH ONE GATE
Evaluation Methodology - WQ_Manual0267
Implementation - WQ_Manual0268
Summary - WQ_Manual0269
Design Criteria - WQ_Manual0270
Figure 4.4.5 Release temperatures from a selective withdrawal tower based upon a "best daily" operation and then a "seasonal" operation - WQ_Manual0271
Implementation - WQ_Manual0272
Summary - WQ_Manual0273
REFERENCES - WQ_Manual0274
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0275
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0276
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0277
IN-RESERVOIR TECHNIQUES: AERATORS/OXYGENATION - WQ_Manual0278
Figure 4.5.1 Example hypolimnetic aeration devices - WQ_Manual0279
Figure 4.5.1 Example hypolimnetic aeration devices - WQ_Manual0280
DESIGN METHODOLOGY - WQ_Manual0281
SUMMARY - WQ_Manual0282
REFERENCES - WQ_Manual0283
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0284
Problem Addressed - WQ_Manual0285
Figure 4.6.1 Destratification induced by bubble column - WQ_Manual0286
Applications of Pneumatic Destratification - WQ_Manual0287
Table 4.6.1. Pneumatic Destratification Installations
Applications of Pneumatic Destratification (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0289
LOCALIZED MIXING - WQ_Manual0290
Theory - WQ_Manual0291
Figure 4.6.2 Schematic of localized mixing application - WQ_Manual0292
Applications of Localized Mixing - WQ_Manual0293
Summary - WQ_Manual0294
REFERENCES - WQ_Manual0295
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0296
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0297
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0298
PROBLEM ADDRESSED - WQ_Manual0299
Design Methodology - WQ_Manual0300
Applications - WQ_Manual0301
Applications (Cont.)
Summary - WQ_Manual0303
Design Methodology - WQ_Manual0304
Applications - WQ_Manual0305
Summary - WQ_Manual0306
FORCED AIR - WQ_Manual0307
REFERENCES - WQ_Manual0308
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0309
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0310
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0311
Table 4.7.4. Aeration Experience in Retrofitting Existing Turbines - WQ_Manual0312
Table 4.7.4. Aeration Experience in Retrofitting Existing Turbines (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0313
TAILWATER TECHNIQUES - WQ_Manual0314
Design Considerations - WQ_Manual0315
Figure 4.8.1 Discharge below Douglas Dam with Turbine Pulsing - WQ_Manual0316
Applications - WQ_Manual0317
Summary - WQ_Manual0318
TAILWATER TECHNIQUES: AERATING WEIRS - WQ_Manual0319
Theory - WQ_Manual0320
Figure 4.8.2 Aerating Weir Types - WQ_Manual0321
Design and Construction Considerations - WQ_Manual0322
Summary - WQ_Manual0323
REFERENCES - WQ_Manual0324
REFERENCES (Cont.) - WQ_Manual0325
ALTERNATE MANAGEMENT OPPORTUNITIES
BIOLOGICAL MANIPULATION - WQ_Manual0327
Figure 4.9.1 The aquatic food chain, indicating interactions between the components of the biomanipulation model (after Shapiro et al. 1982)
REFERENCES - WQ_Manual0329
CHAPTER 5. POST-PROJECT EVALUATION PROCESSES
SHORT AND LONG TERM TRENDS - WQ_Manual0331
WQ_Manual
