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> Elements of Monitoring Needed to Link Land Management Modifications with Water Quality Changes - WQ_Manual0166
Documenting a Cause-and-Effect Relationship - WQ_Manual0165
Quantitative Monitoring of Land Management. - WQ_Manual0167
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2.2.2.3
Elements
of
Monitoring
Needed
to
Link
Land
Management
Modifications
with
Water
Quality
Changes
Experimental
Designs
for
Water
Quality
and
Land
Treatment
. An
appropriate
experimental
design
for
water
quality
and
land
treatment
monitoring
is
essential
to
document
a
clear
relationship
between
land
treatment
and
water
quality
changes.
The
best
designs
to
demonstrate
linkage
are
those
that
can
isolate
the
effects
of the land
treatment
from
other land
use
and
climatic
changes.
Such
designs
include:
1)
paired
watershed
(Clausen
and
Spooner,
1993); 2) upstream-downstream
sites
monitored
before,
during,
and
after
land
treatment;
and
3)
multiple
watershed
monitoring.
The
paired
watershed
design
is
the
best
method
for
documenting
BMP
effectiveness
in a
limited
number of
years
(three
to
five).
Two
or
more
similar
subwatersheds
(drainage
areas)
are
monitored
before
and
after implementation of
BMPs
in
one
of the
subwatersheds
(the
treatment
subwatershed).
Paired
drainage
areas
should
have
similar
precipitation
and
runoff
patterns
and
should
exhibit
a
consistent
relationship
in
terms
of
the
magnitude
of
pollutant
losses
with
changes
in
hydrology
and
climate.
Analysis
of
paired
pollutant
data
from
treatment
vs.
control
areas
should show a statistically
significant
correlation.
Ideally,
a
paired
watershed
monitoring
program
is
characterized
by:
Simultaneous
monitoring
at
the
outlet
of
each
drainage
area;
Monitoring
prior
to
land
treatment
to
record
the relative
hydrologic
response
of
each
drainage
area
(
calibration
period);
Calibration
period
of
one
to
three
years,
depending
on the
consistency
of
the
data
relationships
between
drainage
areas;
Subsequent
monitoring
where at
least
one
drainage
area
continues
to
serve
as a
control
(that
is,
receives
significantly
less
land
treatment
than
the
other
drainage
area);
and
Similar land
management
in both
drainage
areas
both
before
and
after
BMP
implementation
(for
example,
similar
crops),
except
for
BMPs
implemented
in the
treatment
drainage
area.
Land
Management
and
Water
Quality
Monitoring
Before
and
After
BMP
Implementation
.
Monitoring
for
several
years
both
before
and
after
BMP
implementation is
essential
for
documentation
of
water
quality
changes.
The
pre-BMP
period
is
the
time
prior
to installation of
new
land
treatment
practices.
Monitoring
of
water
quality
and
land
use
prior
to
BMP
implementation is
required
to
establish
baseline
data
for
statistical
comparison
with
post-implementation
data.
The
post-BMP
period
starts
once
BMPs
have
been
implemented on
critical
areas
and
are
reducing
pollutant
delivery
to the water
resource.
2.2-3
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