references - index
THE WES HANDBOOK ON WATER QUALITY ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES FOR RESERVOIRS AND TAILWATERS REFERENCES
APPENDIX 2.1A Simple Random Sampling
APPENDIX 2.1.A. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
Three steps to stratified sampling
Stratified Sampling Example
Stratified Sampling Example (COnt.)
Assume a sample size of 52 was calculated
Equal Allocation
Proportional Allocation
Optimal Allocation
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
Apparent advantages over simple random sampling
APPENDIX 2.1 B: Sampling Design Software User's Manual.. by. Robert F . Gaugush
Sampling Design Software User's Manual - references0016
Notice to Program Recipients
Sampling Design Software User's Manual - references0018
Waterways Experiment Station Cataloging-in-Publication Data - references0019
Contents - references0020
Contents (cont.) - references0021
Introduction - references0024
Contents of the SDS Disk
installation - references0026
Hardware Requirements
Decision Matrices - references0028
Data Entry
Error Messages
Documented Session
Decision Matrices - references0032
Decision Matrices (Cont.)
Matrix Out
DECISION MATRIX
DECISION MATRIX (Cont.)
Sample SIZE - references0037
Cost
SAMPLE SIZE - references0039
Example Output File
Variance Component Analysis
An Example Data Set EG,VAR, is Provided on the SDS Distirbution Diskette and is Shown Below
An Example Data Set EG,VAR, is Provided on the SDS Distirbution Diskette and is Shown Below (Cont.) - references0043
An Example Data Set EG,VAR, is Provided on the SDS Distirbution Diskette and is Shown Below (Cont.) - references0044
Program Execution - references0045
Error Messages
Select output route - references0047
Select output route - references0048
Disk fiel name for output eg.out
Variance Component Analysis
Variance Component Analysis (Cont.)
Example Output File - references0052
Error Analysis - references0053
Program Execution - references0054
Error Meassages
Error Analysis Sampling Design Software- Version 2.0
Select output route - references0057
Select output route (Cont.)
Input data file name? eg.err
Stratified Smaple Statistics
Strata statistics
Error Analysis - references0062
Error Analysis (cont.) - references0063
Error Analysis (cont.) - references0064
repaet program with new data ( Y or N )
Example Output File - references0066
Cluster Analysis - references0067
Data Set Preparation
Program Execution - references0069
Documented Session
Cluster Analyssi Smapling Design Software - Version 2.0
Output data file name? eg.out
Clustering Method
Clustering Method (cont.) - references0074
Clustering Method (cont.) - references0075
Cluster Analysis - references0076
Cluster Analysis (cont.)
Geometric Scale
Short descriptions of various portions of the output are available
This section of the output provides a tabular display of the data used to develop the dendrogram
The graphical display form a cluster analysis is referred to as a clendrogram because of its tree - like apperance
Example Output File - references0082
Example Output File (Cont.)
References - references0084
Bibliography
Bibliography (cont.)
Report Documetation Page
Appendix 2.2A The NONPOINT SOURCE MANAGER'S GUIDE TO WATER QUALITY AND LAND TREATMENT MONITORING
The Nonpoint Source Managers Guide to Water Quality and Land Treatment Monitoring
The Nonpoint Source Manager's Guide to Water Quality and Land Treatment Monitoring
Acknowledgements - references0091
Important Messages
Overview of Monitoring Program
Introduction - references0097
Figure 1.1 The development of a nonpoint source control monitoring program.
Overview of a Monitoring Program
Figure 1.2 Land treatment and water quality monitoring program design
Management Objectives and Problem Documentation
Monitoring Program Objectives
Table 3.1 Monitoring Objectives and Level of Detail
Variable Selection
Table 3.2. Example Primary Variables and Explanatory Variables for Trend Monitoring.
Monitoring to Detect Ecosystem Impacts
Level Land Treatment and Land Use Monitoring
Table 3.3 Land Use and Land Treatment Explanatory Variables
Stream Monitoring Locations
Water Quality Monitoring Variables
Coliform Bacteria
Macrophytes
Zooplankton
Habitat Variables
Lake Fish Habitat
Temperature
Transparency
Phyfoplankton
Periphyton
Macrophytes
Stream Macroinvertebrate Habitat
Stream Fish Habitat
Transects, Maps, and Aerial Photography for Habitat Measurements.
Figure 3.2a Transects for habita evaluation perpendicular to the main direction of stream flow.
Figure 3.3a b Stream section diagrams to illustrate detailed mapping analyses of fish habitat.
Energy and organic matter processing in the stream ecosystem.
Riparian and Shoreline Habitat Evaluations
Chemical and Physical Monitoring
Sedimentation.
Level II Pollutant Loading Rate Monitoring
Monitoring Program Design
Formulating a Specific Monitoring Objective
Problem Documentation
Problem Documentation Sample Timing
Detecting Trends
Detecting Impact
Minimum Detectable Change
Experimental Designs
Figure 4.2. Upstream/down- stream and pre- and post - BMP desgin
Multiple Watersheds and Pre- and Post
Subwatershed
Lakes and Reservoirs
Figure 4.4 Total number of ampling events vs magnitude of linear trend. (after al. 1989)
Preliminary Sampling
Coverage Through Time
Monitoring Explanatory Variables
Data Collection
Data Analysis - references0152
Program Evaluation
Conclusions - references0156
References - references0158
References (Cont.) - references0159
References (Cont.) - references0160
References (Cont.) - references0161
References (Cont.) - references0162
References (Cont.) - references0163
References (Cont.) - references0164
Glossary
Glossary (Cont.) - references0167
Glossary (Cont.) - references0168
Glossary (Cont.) - references0169
EPA Evaluation of the Experimental Rural Clean Water Program
EVALUATION of the EXPERIMENTAL Rural Clean Water Program
Water Qualify Evaluation, and Monitoring Reporting
Water Qualify Evaluation, and Monitoring Reporting (cont.) - references0173
Water Qualify Evaluation, and Monitoring Reporting (cont.) - references0174
Water Qualify Evaluation, and Monitoring Reporting (cont.) - references0175
Water Qualify Evaluation, and Monitoring Reporting (cont.) - references0176
Water Qualify Evaluation, and Monitoring Reporting (cont.) - references0177
Water Qualify Evaluation, and Monitoring Reporting (cont.) - references0178
Water Qualify Evaluation, and Monitoring Reporting (cont.) - references0179
Water Qualify Evaluation, and Monitoring Reporting (cont.) - references0180
Appendix 2.4A Evaluation of Methods for In Situ Monitoring of Releases from Hydro power Projects by Michael C. Vorwerk, William E. Jabour, and Joe H. Carroll
Purpose - references0182
Manual Sampling
Successful Example
Figure 1. manual sampling locations for Chattahoochee River below West Point Dam
Automated Remote Monitoring
Representativeness of a Sample Location
Figure 2. Plan view of dam monitoring locations
In-Lake Automated Profiles
Tapping Water from Spiral Case
Downstream Face of Dam
Sonde Delopyed in Protective Pipe in Tailwaters
Interference
References
Appendix 2.4B. Remote Monitoring of Hydroprojects: Design, Installation, and Verification of Remote Monitoring Systems by: John W. Lemons, Michael C. Vorwerk, Joe H. Carroll, and William E. Jabour
Purpose - references0196
Figure 1. Flow diagram for water quality automated monitor system design
Site Characterization
Ice Harbor Example
Monitor Equipment
Software
Figure 4. Savannah River basin
Figure 6. Hartwell Dam operation and release temperatures
Figure 8. Richard B. Russell piping gallery monitor
Bull Shoals Dam
Conclusions - references0206
Point of Contact - references0207
Appendix 2.4C . Statistical Verification of Mean-Value Fixed Water Quality Monitor Sites in Flowing Waters by: Michael Vorwerk, Joe Carroll, and John Lemons
Purpose - references0209
Figure 1. Possible sources of heterogeneities in flowing water
Approach for Mean Data
Statistical Comparison
Determining the Power of the Test - references0213
Example 1: Columbia River Camas/Washougal Station--Hand Calculation
Table 2. Differences (D), Squares of Differences (D2), and Totals for Data Specified in Table 1 (Sample Size, n = 8)
Figure 6. Normal probability plot of the differences between transect and fixed monitor station pairs of observations.
Example 2: Columbia and Snake Rivers Fixed Monitoring System
Table 3. Verification of Fixed Monitor Station Location with Transect Data
Determining the Power of the Test - references0219
Table 4. Calculation of Parameters Needed to Determine d, β, and the Power of the Test
Conclusions - references0221
Point of Contact - references0222
Appendix 3.1A . Elements of a Model Program for Nonpoint Source Pollution Control by: Steven W . Coffey, Jean Spooner Daniel E. Line, Judith A. Gale, Jon A. Arnold, Deanna L. Osmond, and Frank J. Humenik
Elements of a Model Program for Nonpoint Source Pollution Control
Results - references0226
Program Administration and Management
Program Technical S u p p o r t
Project Selection
Program Funding
Project Proposal and Plan of Work Development
Project Technical Support
Implementing the Plan of Work
Implementing the Plan of Work (Cont.) - references0234
Implementing the Plan of Work (Cont.) - references0235
Feedback Loop
Conclusion
References - references0238
Appendix 3.1B Planning and Managing a Successful Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Project by: Judith A. Gale, Deanna L. Osmond, Daniel E. Line, Jean Spooner, Jon A. Arnold, Gregory D. Jennings, and Frank J. Humenik
Planning and Managing a Successful Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Project
Document the Water Quality Problem
Define Objectives and Goals
Obtain Funding
Define the Critical Area
Assessing Project Effectiveness]
References - references0246
North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service - references0247
Appendix 4.1 C Farmer Participation in Solving the Farmer Participation in Solving the Nonpoint Source Pollution Problem by: Deanna L. Osmond and Judith A. Gale
Farmer Participation in Solving the Nonpoint Source Pollution Problem
Incentives To Producer Participation
Technology Transfer: The Importance of Information and Education Programs
Environmental Concerns
Key Points of Farmer Participation
The Importance of Information and Education Programs
Reference
North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service - references0256
Appedix 4.2 A . BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES DEFINITIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS
Appendix
Conservation Cover (327)
Contour Farming (330)
Contour Stripcropping (585)
Crop Residue Use (344):
Diversion (362)
Filter Strip (393)
Grassed Waterway (412)
Hedgerow Planting (422):
Irrigation System, Drip or Trickle (441)
Irrigation Water Management (449):
Lined Waterway or Outlet (468):
Mulching (484)
Precision Land Forming (462)
Pumped Well Drain (532)
Spring Development (574)
Surface Drainage Field Ditch (607)
Waste Management System (312)
Water and Sediment Control Basin (638):
Wetland Restoration (657A)
Appedix 4.2B EXAMPLES OF COSTS FOR BMPs
NORTH CAROLINA AGRICULTURE COST SHARE PROGRAM AVERAGE COST FOR PROGRAM YEARS 1997-1999 NRCS AREA
TABLE 1
NRCS AREA 3 AVERAGE COSTS for AGRICULTURE COST S&E Program years 1997-1999
AVERAGE COST LIST FOR BMP COMPONENTS
Filter Strip
Diversion
Terrace
Spring Development (from water source to junction box - maximum of 2 spring developments per trough/tank charged to NCACSP )
Stream Crossings and Stock Trails
Stream Crossings and Stock Trails (Cont.)
Components of Waste Management Structures/Systems
Dry Stack/Litter Storage Facility with roof (Maximum size cost-shared is based on storage required in waste utilization plan, average stacking height of 5 feet.)
Dry Stack/Litter Storage Facility with roof (Maximum size cost-shared is based on storage required in waste utilization plan, average stacking height of 5 feet.) (Cont.)
Slurry Storage Structure
Controlled Livestock Lounging Area
Grade Stabilization Structures
Sediment Basin
Water Control Structures - references0298
Roofed Agri-Chemical Handling Facility
Roofed Agri-Chemical Handling Facility (Cont.)
Riparian Buffer
Streambank Stabilization
COMPONENTS WHICH ARE COMMON TO TWO OR MORE PRACTICES
Grading and shaping
Concrete and Masonry
Pipe and fittings ( all prices includes installation )
Pipe and fittings ( all prices includes installation ) (Cont.)
Pipe and fittings ( all prices includes installation ) (Cont.) - references0308
Pipe and fittings ( all prices includes installation ) (Cont.) - references0309
Pipe and fittings ( all prices includes installation ) (Cont.) - references0310
Pipe and fittings ( all prices includes installation ) (Cont.) - references0311
Pipe drops and surface inlets (installed)
Appendix 4.2C. COST EFFECTIVENESS STUDY
Cost-Effectiveness of Agricultural BMPs for Nutrient Reduction in the Tar-Pamlico Basin - references0314
Cost-Effectiveness of Agricultural BMPs for Nutrient Reduction in the Tar-Pamlico Basin - references0315
Executive Summary - references0316
Results - references0317
Results (Cont.)
Table ES-1 Summary of Nutrient Reduction Cost-Effectiveness Estimates for Cost-Shared Practices in the Tar-Pamlico Basin'
Table ES-1 ( Continued ) - references0320
Table ES-1 ( Continued ) - references0321
Chapter 1
Definition of Terms
Chapter 2. Developing BMP Cost Effectiveness Values for the Tar-Pamlico Basin
Sources of BMP Effectiveness Data
Figure 2-1. Chesapeake modeling subbasins in ecoregions common to the Tar-Pamlico Basin.
Cost-Effectiveness Calculation Methods
Equations for Calculating.Cost-Effectiveness
Results - references0337
Animal Waste Management
Land Application
Effectiveness of Land Application Relative to Typical Preexisting Conditions
Table 2-3. Surface and Subsurface Losses from Land Application of Animal Wastes
Effectiveness of Land Application Relative to Typical Preexisting Conditions (Cont.)
Table 2-4. Estimates of Surface and Subsurface Nutrient Loss from Land Application
Table 2-5. Cost-Effectiveness of Agronomic Land Application Relative to Excess Application
Table 2-6. Effectiveness of Land Application Relative to Direct Discharge
Table 2-7. Cost-Effectiveness of Land Application Relative to Direct Discharge
Lagoon Effectiveness Relative to Typical Preexisting Conditions
Lagoon Effectiveness Relative to Typical Preexisting Conditions (Cont.)
Lagoon Effectiveness Relative to Direct Discharge
Table 2-10. Cost-Effectiveness of Anaerobic Lagoons Relative to Land Application at Excess Rates
Lagoon Effectiveness Relative to Direct Discharge (Cont.)
Table 2-11. Effectiveness of Lagoon Cost-Sharing Relative to Direct Discharge'
Table 2-12. Cost-Effectiveness of Anaerobic Lagoons Relative to Direct Discharge
Composting of Poultry Mortality
Water Control Structures - references0355
Table 2-13. Water Control Structures Cost Data
Table 2-14. Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Water Control Structures
Table 2-15. Cost Data for Grassed Waterways and Diversions
Table 2-16. Cost Data for Croplan Conversion
Table 2-17. Cost Data for Conservation Tillage
Figure 2-2. Conservation tillage effectiveness
Table 2-18. Cost Data for Terracing
Table 2-19. Effectiveness Estimates for Terracing
Table 2-20. Cost Data for VFSs, Field Borders, and Stripcropping
Table 2-21. Effectiveness data for VFSs, Field Borders, and Stripcropping
Figure 2-5. Vegetated filter strip cost-effectiveness.
Nutrient Management
Figure 2-6. Nutrient management cost-effectiveness.
Table 2-22. Summary of Nutrient Reduction Cost-Effectiveness Estimates for Cost-Shared Practices in the Tar-Pamlico Basin'
Table 2-22 (continued) - references0370
Table 2-22 (continued) - references0371
Figure 2-7. Summary of nutrient removal cost-effectiveness ranges
Chapter 3: The Need for a Safety Factor
Site-Specific Variability
Masking
Simulated Field Conditions/Sampling Techniques
Cost Escalation
Chapter 4. Discussion and Recommendations
The Agricultural Cost-Share Program could place a higher-priority on nutrient (and particularly, nitrogen) management
increasing the cost-effectiveness of cost-sharing will require an increased commitment to education and technical assistance
The lack of information specific to nonpoint source nutrient management activities in the basin is a handicap to studies of this type
References - references0384
References (cont.) - references0385
References (cont.) - references0386
References (cont.) - references0387
References (cont.) - references0388
Appendix 1: The Tar-Pamlico Nutrient Trading Program
Determining initial Load Reduction, Goals, and Costs
Implementing the Nutrient Trading Program
Table A1-1. Schedule of Nutrient Loads and Payments
Funding BMP implementation and Maintenance
Appendix 2. The Chesapeake Bay Watershed Model
Application History
Appendix 3. Summary of BMP Cost Data for Counties in the Tar-Pamlico Basin
Conventional Tillage Cropland Loading Factors for Chesapeake Subbasins in Ecoregions 63 and 65 (Carnacho, 1992)
Appendix 5. Calculation of Trading Values for Phase and Phase II
Estimation of BMP Nutrient Load Reductions
Estimating a trading value
Phase II Trading Value
Appendix 6: Calculations of Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness for Animal Waste Practices
Appendix 6: Calculations of Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness for Animal Waste Practices (Cont.)
Calculation of Land Application Cost Effectiveness Relative to Direct Discharge
Calculation of Lagoon Cost-effectiveness realtive to Excess and Application
Anaerobic Lagoon Cost Conversions
Appendix 4.9A. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR RESERVOIRS AND TAILWATERS by: G. Dennis Cooke and Robert H. Kennedy
Part III: PRERESERVOIR TREATMENT
Theory and Design - references0413
Prereservoir phosphorus removal - references0414
Wetlands - references0415
Diversionary streams
Prereservoir phosphorus removal - references0417
Wetlands - references0418
Limitations and Concerns - references0419
Siltation basins and wetlands
Summary - references0421
Table 2. Summary of Prereservoir Treatments
References - references0423
References (Cont.) - references0424
References (Cont.) - references0425
Part IV. HOSPHORUS INACTIVATION
Theory and Design - references0427
Theory and Design (cont.) - references0428
Figure 6. Changes in dissolved aluminum concentration (dashed line) and total alkalinity (solid line) for water from Ohio
Figure 7. Estimated aluminum sulfate dose (mg Al required to obtain pH6 (i.e., "maximum dose")
Theory and Design (Cont.) - references0431
Figure 8. Generalized diagram of an alum application system (from Kennedy and Cooke 198'2)
Effectiveness, Costs, and Feasibility - references0433
Annabessacook Lake, Maine.
Lake Charles East, Indiana.
Limitations and Concerns - references0436
Limitations and Concerns (cont.) - references0437
Summary - references0438
Table 3. Summary of Phosphorus Inactivation
References - references0440
References (Cont.) - references0441
References (Cont.) - references0442
Part V: DILUTION AND FLUSHING
Theory and Design
Theory and Design (Cont.)
Figure 9. Percent change in in-lake phosphorus concentration following dilution with water containing no phosphorus
Figure 10. Percent change in in-lake phosphorus concentration following dilution with water having a phosphorus
Effectiveness, Costs, and Feasibility - references0448
Green Lake, Washington
Limitations and Concerns - references0450
Table 4. Summary of Dilution and Flushing
References - references0452
Part VI: SEDIMENT REMOVAL
Application of the method
sediments and sediment budget
Dredge selection
Determination of sediment removal depth
Effectiveness and Costs
Limitations and Concerns - references0459
Limitations and Concerns (Cont.) - references0460
Summary - references0461
References - references0462
References (Cont.) - references0463
References (Cont.) - references0464
References (Cont.) - references0465
Part IX: WATER LEVEL Drawdown
Theory and Design - references0468
Table 10. A Summary of the Response of Some Common Nuisance Macrophytes to Drawdown (Modified from Cooke et.al 1986)
Effectiveness, Costs, and Feasibility - references0471
Limitations and Concerns - references0472
Summary - references0473
Table 11. Summary of Water Level Drawdown
References - references0475
Part X: HARVESTING
Effectiveness, Costs, and Feasibility - references0477
Effectiveness, Costs, and Feasibility (Cont.) - references0478
Effectiveness, Costs, and Feasibility (Cont.) - references0479
Effectiveness, Costs, and Feasibility (Cont.) - references0480
Table 12. Comparison Between Midwest and Florida Cost Ranges (1987 Dollars) for Harvesting and Herbicide Treatments of Lakes and Reservoirs
Limitations and Concerns - references0482
Summary - references0483
Table 13. Summary of Harvesting
References - references0485
References (Cont.) - references0486
Part XI: BIOLOGICAL CONTROLS
Reproduction
Food preferences
Table 14. Feeding Preference List, in Approximate Order of Preference, for Triploid Grass Carp in Florida, Illinois, and Oregon-Washington Studies
Table 14. (Continued)
Table 14 (Concluded) - references0493
Food preferences (Cont.)
Stocking rates
Case histories
Environmental Impacts - references0497
Environmental Impacts (Cont.)
Insects and Plant Pathogens
Insects and Plant Pathogens (Cont.) - references0500
Insects and Plant Pathogens (Cont.) - references0501
Biomanipulation
Figure 14. The aquatic food chain, indicating between the components of the biomanipulation model
Biomanipulation (cont.) - references0504
Biomanipulation (cont.) - references0505
Biomanipulation (cont.) - references0506
Summary - references0507
References - references0508
References (Cont.) - references0509
References (Cont.) - references0510
References (Cont.) - references0511
References (Cont.) - references0512
References (Cont.) - references0513
PART XII: Sediment Covers
Theory and Design - references0515
Effectiveness, Costs, and Feasibility - references0516
Dartek
Polypropylene
Other materials
Limitations and Concerns - references0520
Table 16. Summary of Features of Sediment Covering Materials
Table 17. A Summary of Sediment Covers
References - references0523
Part XIII: HERBICIDES AND ALGICIDES
Effectiveness and Feasibility
Copper-containing compounds
Endothall
Endothall (Cont.)
Fluridone
Table 18. Common Aquatic Weed Sepcies and Their Responses to Herbicides
Table 18 (Concluded)
Costs
Limitations and Concerns - references0533
Summary - references0534
Table 19. Summary of Algicides and Herbicides
References - references0536
References (cont.) - references0537
References (cont.) - references0538
References (cont.) - references0539
References (cont.) - references0540
References (cont.) - references0541
handbook on Water Quality Enchacement techniques for Reservoirs and Tailwaters
THE WES HANDBOOK ON WATER QUALITY ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES FOR RESERVOIRS AND TAILWATERS REFERENCES
APPENDIX 2.1A Simple Random Sampling
APPENDIX 2.1.A. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
Three steps to stratified sampling
Stratified Sampling Example
Stratified Sampling Example (COnt.)
Assume a sample size of 52 was calculated
Equal Allocation
Proportional Allocation
Optimal Allocation
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
Apparent advantages over simple random sampling
APPENDIX 2.1 B: Sampling Design Software User's Manual.. by. Robert F . Gaugush
Sampling Design Software User's Manual - references0016
Notice to Program Recipients
Sampling Design Software User's Manual - references0018
Waterways Experiment Station Cataloging-in-Publication Data - references0019
Contents - references0020
Contents (cont.) - references0021
Introduction - references0024
Contents of the SDS Disk
installation - references0026
Hardware Requirements
Decision Matrices - references0028
Data Entry
Error Messages
Documented Session
Decision Matrices - references0032
Decision Matrices (Cont.)
Matrix Out
DECISION MATRIX
DECISION MATRIX (Cont.)
Sample SIZE - references0037
Cost
SAMPLE SIZE - references0039
Example Output File
Variance Component Analysis
An Example Data Set EG,VAR, is Provided on the SDS Distirbution Diskette and is Shown Below
An Example Data Set EG,VAR, is Provided on the SDS Distirbution Diskette and is Shown Below (Cont.) - references0043
An Example Data Set EG,VAR, is Provided on the SDS Distirbution Diskette and is Shown Below (Cont.) - references0044
Program Execution - references0045
Error Messages
Select output route - references0047
Select output route - references0048
Disk fiel name for output eg.out
Variance Component Analysis
Variance Component Analysis (Cont.)
Example Output File - references0052
Error Analysis - references0053
Program Execution - references0054
Error Meassages
Error Analysis Sampling Design Software- Version 2.0
Select output route - references0057
Select output route (Cont.)
Input data file name? eg.err
Stratified Smaple Statistics
Strata statistics
Error Analysis - references0062
Error Analysis (cont.) - references0063
Error Analysis (cont.) - references0064
repaet program with new data ( Y or N )
Example Output File - references0066
Cluster Analysis - references0067
Data Set Preparation
Program Execution - references0069
Documented Session
Cluster Analyssi Smapling Design Software - Version 2.0
Output data file name? eg.out
Clustering Method
Clustering Method (cont.) - references0074
Clustering Method (cont.) - references0075
Cluster Analysis - references0076
Cluster Analysis (cont.)
Geometric Scale
Short descriptions of various portions of the output are available
This section of the output provides a tabular display of the data used to develop the dendrogram
The graphical display form a cluster analysis is referred to as a clendrogram because of its tree - like apperance
Example Output File - references0082
Example Output File (Cont.)
References - references0084
Bibliography
Bibliography (cont.)
Report Documetation Page
Appendix 2.2A The NONPOINT SOURCE MANAGER'S GUIDE TO WATER QUALITY AND LAND TREATMENT MONITORING
The Nonpoint Source Managers Guide to Water Quality and Land Treatment Monitoring
The Nonpoint Source Manager's Guide to Water Quality and Land Treatment Monitoring
Acknowledgements - references0091
Important Messages
Overview of Monitoring Program
Introduction - references0097
Figure 1.1 The development of a nonpoint source control monitoring program.
Overview of a Monitoring Program
Figure 1.2 Land treatment and water quality monitoring program design
Management Objectives and Problem Documentation
Monitoring Program Objectives
Table 3.1 Monitoring Objectives and Level of Detail
Variable Selection
Table 3.2. Example Primary Variables and Explanatory Variables for Trend Monitoring.
Monitoring to Detect Ecosystem Impacts
Level Land Treatment and Land Use Monitoring
Table 3.3 Land Use and Land Treatment Explanatory Variables
Stream Monitoring Locations
Water Quality Monitoring Variables
Coliform Bacteria
Macrophytes
Zooplankton
Habitat Variables
Lake Fish Habitat
Temperature
Transparency
Phyfoplankton
Periphyton
Macrophytes
Stream Macroinvertebrate Habitat
Stream Fish Habitat
Transects, Maps, and Aerial Photography for Habitat Measurements.
Figure 3.2a Transects for habita evaluation perpendicular to the main direction of stream flow.
Figure 3.3a b Stream section diagrams to illustrate detailed mapping analyses of fish habitat.
Energy and organic matter processing in the stream ecosystem.
Riparian and Shoreline Habitat Evaluations
Chemical and Physical Monitoring
Sedimentation.
Level II Pollutant Loading Rate Monitoring
Monitoring Program Design
Formulating a Specific Monitoring Objective
Problem Documentation
Problem Documentation Sample Timing
Detecting Trends
Detecting Impact
Minimum Detectable Change
Experimental Designs
Figure 4.2. Upstream/down- stream and pre- and post - BMP desgin
Multiple Watersheds and Pre- and Post
Subwatershed
Lakes and Reservoirs
Figure 4.4 Total number of ampling events vs magnitude of linear trend. (after al. 1989)
Preliminary Sampling
Coverage Through Time
Monitoring Explanatory Variables
Data Collection
Data Analysis - references0152
Program Evaluation
Conclusions - references0156
References - references0158
References (Cont.) - references0159
References (Cont.) - references0160
References (Cont.) - references0161
References (Cont.) - references0162
References (Cont.) - references0163
References (Cont.) - references0164
Glossary
Glossary (Cont.) - references0167
Glossary (Cont.) - references0168
Glossary (Cont.) - references0169
EPA Evaluation of the Experimental Rural Clean Water Program
EVALUATION of the EXPERIMENTAL Rural Clean Water Program
Water Qualify Evaluation, and Monitoring Reporting
Water Qualify Evaluation, and Monitoring Reporting (cont.) - references0173
Water Qualify Evaluation, and Monitoring Reporting (cont.) - references0174
Water Qualify Evaluation, and Monitoring Reporting (cont.) - references0175
Water Qualify Evaluation, and Monitoring Reporting (cont.) - references0176
Water Qualify Evaluation, and Monitoring Reporting (cont.) - references0177
Water Qualify Evaluation, and Monitoring Reporting (cont.) - references0178
Water Qualify Evaluation, and Monitoring Reporting (cont.) - references0179
Water Qualify Evaluation, and Monitoring Reporting (cont.) - references0180
Appendix 2.4A Evaluation of Methods for In Situ Monitoring of Releases from Hydro power Projects by Michael C. Vorwerk, William E. Jabour, and Joe H. Carroll
Purpose - references0182
Manual Sampling
Successful Example
Figure 1. manual sampling locations for Chattahoochee River below West Point Dam
Automated Remote Monitoring
Representativeness of a Sample Location
Figure 2. Plan view of dam monitoring locations
In-Lake Automated Profiles
Tapping Water from Spiral Case
Downstream Face of Dam
Sonde Delopyed in Protective Pipe in Tailwaters
Interference
References
Appendix 2.4B. Remote Monitoring of Hydroprojects: Design, Installation, and Verification of Remote Monitoring Systems by: John W. Lemons, Michael C. Vorwerk, Joe H. Carroll, and William E. Jabour
Purpose - references0196
Figure 1. Flow diagram for water quality automated monitor system design
Site Characterization
Ice Harbor Example
Monitor Equipment
Software
Figure 4. Savannah River basin
Figure 6. Hartwell Dam operation and release temperatures
Figure 8. Richard B. Russell piping gallery monitor
Bull Shoals Dam
Conclusions - references0206
Point of Contact - references0207
Appendix 2.4C . Statistical Verification of Mean-Value Fixed Water Quality Monitor Sites in Flowing Waters by: Michael Vorwerk, Joe Carroll, and John Lemons
Purpose - references0209
Figure 1. Possible sources of heterogeneities in flowing water
Approach for Mean Data
Statistical Comparison
Determining the Power of the Test - references0213
Example 1: Columbia River Camas/Washougal Station--Hand Calculation
Table 2. Differences (D), Squares of Differences (D2), and Totals for Data Specified in Table 1 (Sample Size, n = 8)
Figure 6. Normal probability plot of the differences between transect and fixed monitor station pairs of observations.
Example 2: Columbia and Snake Rivers Fixed Monitoring System
Table 3. Verification of Fixed Monitor Station Location with Transect Data
Determining the Power of the Test - references0219
Table 4. Calculation of Parameters Needed to Determine d, β, and the Power of the Test
Conclusions - references0221
Point of Contact - references0222
Appendix 3.1A . Elements of a Model Program for Nonpoint Source Pollution Control by: Steven W . Coffey, Jean Spooner Daniel E. Line, Judith A. Gale, Jon A. Arnold, Deanna L. Osmond, and Frank J. Humenik
Elements of a Model Program for Nonpoint Source Pollution Control
Results - references0226
Program Administration and Management
Program Technical S u p p o r t
Project Selection
Program Funding
Project Proposal and Plan of Work Development
Project Technical Support
Implementing the Plan of Work
Implementing the Plan of Work (Cont.) - references0234
Implementing the Plan of Work (Cont.) - references0235
Feedback Loop
Conclusion
References - references0238
Appendix 3.1B Planning and Managing a Successful Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Project by: Judith A. Gale, Deanna L. Osmond, Daniel E. Line, Jean Spooner, Jon A. Arnold, Gregory D. Jennings, and Frank J. Humenik
Planning and Managing a Successful Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Project
Document the Water Quality Problem
Define Objectives and Goals
Obtain Funding
Define the Critical Area
Assessing Project Effectiveness]
References - references0246
North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service - references0247
Appendix 4.1 C Farmer Participation in Solving the Farmer Participation in Solving the Nonpoint Source Pollution Problem by: Deanna L. Osmond and Judith A. Gale
Farmer Participation in Solving the Nonpoint Source Pollution Problem
Incentives To Producer Participation
Technology Transfer: The Importance of Information and Education Programs
Environmental Concerns
Key Points of Farmer Participation
The Importance of Information and Education Programs
Reference
North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service - references0256
Appedix 4.2 A . BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES DEFINITIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS
Appendix
Conservation Cover (327)
Contour Farming (330)
Contour Stripcropping (585)
Crop Residue Use (344):
Diversion (362)
Filter Strip (393)
Grassed Waterway (412)
Hedgerow Planting (422):
Irrigation System, Drip or Trickle (441)
Irrigation Water Management (449):
Lined Waterway or Outlet (468):
Mulching (484)
Precision Land Forming (462)
Pumped Well Drain (532)
Spring Development (574)
Surface Drainage Field Ditch (607)
Waste Management System (312)
Water and Sediment Control Basin (638):
Wetland Restoration (657A)
Appedix 4.2B EXAMPLES OF COSTS FOR BMPs
NORTH CAROLINA AGRICULTURE COST SHARE PROGRAM AVERAGE COST FOR PROGRAM YEARS 1997-1999 NRCS AREA
TABLE 1
NRCS AREA 3 AVERAGE COSTS for AGRICULTURE COST S&E Program years 1997-1999
AVERAGE COST LIST FOR BMP COMPONENTS
Filter Strip
Diversion
Terrace
Spring Development (from water source to junction box - maximum of 2 spring developments per trough/tank charged to NCACSP )
Stream Crossings and Stock Trails
Stream Crossings and Stock Trails (Cont.)
Components of Waste Management Structures/Systems
Dry Stack/Litter Storage Facility with roof (Maximum size cost-shared is based on storage required in waste utilization plan, average stacking height of 5 feet.)
Dry Stack/Litter Storage Facility with roof (Maximum size cost-shared is based on storage required in waste utilization plan, average stacking height of 5 feet.) (Cont.)
Slurry Storage Structure
Controlled Livestock Lounging Area
Grade Stabilization Structures
Sediment Basin
Water Control Structures - references0298
Roofed Agri-Chemical Handling Facility
Roofed Agri-Chemical Handling Facility (Cont.)
Riparian Buffer
Streambank Stabilization
COMPONENTS WHICH ARE COMMON TO TWO OR MORE PRACTICES
Grading and shaping
Concrete and Masonry
Pipe and fittings ( all prices includes installation )
Pipe and fittings ( all prices includes installation ) (Cont.)
Pipe and fittings ( all prices includes installation ) (Cont.) - references0308
Pipe and fittings ( all prices includes installation ) (Cont.) - references0309
Pipe and fittings ( all prices includes installation ) (Cont.) - references0310
Pipe and fittings ( all prices includes installation ) (Cont.) - references0311
Pipe drops and surface inlets (installed)
Appendix 4.2C. COST EFFECTIVENESS STUDY
Cost-Effectiveness of Agricultural BMPs for Nutrient Reduction in the Tar-Pamlico Basin - references0314
Cost-Effectiveness of Agricultural BMPs for Nutrient Reduction in the Tar-Pamlico Basin - references0315
Executive Summary - references0316
Results - references0317
Results (Cont.)
Table ES-1 Summary of Nutrient Reduction Cost-Effectiveness Estimates for Cost-Shared Practices in the Tar-Pamlico Basin'
Table ES-1 ( Continued ) - references0320
Table ES-1 ( Continued ) - references0321
Chapter 1
Definition of Terms
Chapter 2. Developing BMP Cost Effectiveness Values for the Tar-Pamlico Basin
Sources of BMP Effectiveness Data
Figure 2-1. Chesapeake modeling subbasins in ecoregions common to the Tar-Pamlico Basin.
Cost-Effectiveness Calculation Methods
Equations for Calculating.Cost-Effectiveness
Results - references0337
Animal Waste Management
Land Application
Effectiveness of Land Application Relative to Typical Preexisting Conditions
Table 2-3. Surface and Subsurface Losses from Land Application of Animal Wastes
Effectiveness of Land Application Relative to Typical Preexisting Conditions (Cont.)
Table 2-4. Estimates of Surface and Subsurface Nutrient Loss from Land Application
Table 2-5. Cost-Effectiveness of Agronomic Land Application Relative to Excess Application
Table 2-6. Effectiveness of Land Application Relative to Direct Discharge
Table 2-7. Cost-Effectiveness of Land Application Relative to Direct Discharge
Lagoon Effectiveness Relative to Typical Preexisting Conditions
Lagoon Effectiveness Relative to Typical Preexisting Conditions (Cont.)
Lagoon Effectiveness Relative to Direct Discharge
Table 2-10. Cost-Effectiveness of Anaerobic Lagoons Relative to Land Application at Excess Rates
Lagoon Effectiveness Relative to Direct Discharge (Cont.)
Table 2-11. Effectiveness of Lagoon Cost-Sharing Relative to Direct Discharge'
Table 2-12. Cost-Effectiveness of Anaerobic Lagoons Relative to Direct Discharge
Composting of Poultry Mortality
Water Control Structures - references0355
Table 2-13. Water Control Structures Cost Data
Table 2-14. Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Water Control Structures
Table 2-15. Cost Data for Grassed Waterways and Diversions
Table 2-16. Cost Data for Croplan Conversion
Table 2-17. Cost Data for Conservation Tillage
Figure 2-2. Conservation tillage effectiveness
Table 2-18. Cost Data for Terracing
Table 2-19. Effectiveness Estimates for Terracing
Table 2-20. Cost Data for VFSs, Field Borders, and Stripcropping
Table 2-21. Effectiveness data for VFSs, Field Borders, and Stripcropping
Figure 2-5. Vegetated filter strip cost-effectiveness.
Nutrient Management
Figure 2-6. Nutrient management cost-effectiveness.
Table 2-22. Summary of Nutrient Reduction Cost-Effectiveness Estimates for Cost-Shared Practices in the Tar-Pamlico Basin'
Table 2-22 (continued) - references0370
Table 2-22 (continued) - references0371
Figure 2-7. Summary of nutrient removal cost-effectiveness ranges
Chapter 3: The Need for a Safety Factor
Site-Specific Variability
Masking
Simulated Field Conditions/Sampling Techniques
Cost Escalation
Chapter 4. Discussion and Recommendations
The Agricultural Cost-Share Program could place a higher-priority on nutrient (and particularly, nitrogen) management
increasing the cost-effectiveness of cost-sharing will require an increased commitment to education and technical assistance
The lack of information specific to nonpoint source nutrient management activities in the basin is a handicap to studies of this type
References - references0384
References (cont.) - references0385
References (cont.) - references0386
References (cont.) - references0387
References (cont.) - references0388
Appendix 1: The Tar-Pamlico Nutrient Trading Program
Determining initial Load Reduction, Goals, and Costs
Implementing the Nutrient Trading Program
Table A1-1. Schedule of Nutrient Loads and Payments
Funding BMP implementation and Maintenance
Appendix 2. The Chesapeake Bay Watershed Model
Application History
Appendix 3. Summary of BMP Cost Data for Counties in the Tar-Pamlico Basin
Conventional Tillage Cropland Loading Factors for Chesapeake Subbasins in Ecoregions 63 and 65 (Carnacho, 1992)
Appendix 5. Calculation of Trading Values for Phase and Phase II
Estimation of BMP Nutrient Load Reductions
Estimating a trading value
Phase II Trading Value
Appendix 6: Calculations of Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness for Animal Waste Practices
Appendix 6: Calculations of Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness for Animal Waste Practices (Cont.)
Calculation of Land Application Cost Effectiveness Relative to Direct Discharge
Calculation of Lagoon Cost-effectiveness realtive to Excess and Application
Anaerobic Lagoon Cost Conversions
Appendix 4.9A. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR RESERVOIRS AND TAILWATERS by: G. Dennis Cooke and Robert H. Kennedy
Part III: PRERESERVOIR TREATMENT
Theory and Design - references0413
Prereservoir phosphorus removal - references0414
Wetlands - references0415
Diversionary streams
Prereservoir phosphorus removal - references0417
Wetlands - references0418
Limitations and Concerns - references0419
Siltation basins and wetlands
Summary - references0421
Table 2. Summary of Prereservoir Treatments
References - references0423
References (Cont.) - references0424
References (Cont.) - references0425
Part IV. HOSPHORUS INACTIVATION
Theory and Design - references0427
Theory and Design (cont.) - references0428
Figure 6. Changes in dissolved aluminum concentration (dashed line) and total alkalinity (solid line) for water from Ohio
Figure 7. Estimated aluminum sulfate dose (mg Al required to obtain pH6 (i.e., "maximum dose")
Theory and Design (Cont.) - references0431
Figure 8. Generalized diagram of an alum application system (from Kennedy and Cooke 198'2)
Effectiveness, Costs, and Feasibility - references0433
Annabessacook Lake, Maine.
Lake Charles East, Indiana.
Limitations and Concerns - references0436
Limitations and Concerns (cont.) - references0437
Summary - references0438
Table 3. Summary of Phosphorus Inactivation
References - references0440
References (Cont.) - references0441
References (Cont.) - references0442
Part V: DILUTION AND FLUSHING
Theory and Design
Theory and Design (Cont.)
Figure 9. Percent change in in-lake phosphorus concentration following dilution with water containing no phosphorus
Figure 10. Percent change in in-lake phosphorus concentration following dilution with water having a phosphorus
Effectiveness, Costs, and Feasibility - references0448
Green Lake, Washington
Limitations and Concerns - references0450
Table 4. Summary of Dilution and Flushing
References - references0452
Part VI: SEDIMENT REMOVAL
Application of the method
sediments and sediment budget
Dredge selection
Determination of sediment removal depth
Effectiveness and Costs
Limitations and Concerns - references0459
Limitations and Concerns (Cont.) - references0460
Summary - references0461
References - references0462
References (Cont.) - references0463
References (Cont.) - references0464
References (Cont.) - references0465
Part IX: WATER LEVEL Drawdown
Theory and Design - references0468
Table 10. A Summary of the Response of Some Common Nuisance Macrophytes to Drawdown (Modified from Cooke et.al 1986)
Effectiveness, Costs, and Feasibility - references0471
Limitations and Concerns - references0472
Summary - references0473
Table 11. Summary of Water Level Drawdown
References - references0475
Part X: HARVESTING
Effectiveness, Costs, and Feasibility - references0477
Effectiveness, Costs, and Feasibility (Cont.) - references0478
Effectiveness, Costs, and Feasibility (Cont.) - references0479
Effectiveness, Costs, and Feasibility (Cont.) - references0480
Table 12. Comparison Between Midwest and Florida Cost Ranges (1987 Dollars) for Harvesting and Herbicide Treatments of Lakes and Reservoirs
Limitations and Concerns - references0482
Summary - references0483
Table 13. Summary of Harvesting
References - references0485
References (Cont.) - references0486
Part XI: BIOLOGICAL CONTROLS
Reproduction
Food preferences
Table 14. Feeding Preference List, in Approximate Order of Preference, for Triploid Grass Carp in Florida, Illinois, and Oregon-Washington Studies
Table 14. (Continued)
Table 14 (Concluded) - references0493
Food preferences (Cont.)
Stocking rates
Case histories
Environmental Impacts - references0497
Environmental Impacts (Cont.)
Insects and Plant Pathogens
Insects and Plant Pathogens (Cont.) - references0500
Insects and Plant Pathogens (Cont.) - references0501
Biomanipulation
Figure 14. The aquatic food chain, indicating between the components of the biomanipulation model
Biomanipulation (cont.) - references0504
Biomanipulation (cont.) - references0505
Biomanipulation (cont.) - references0506
Summary - references0507
References - references0508
References (Cont.) - references0509
References (Cont.) - references0510
References (Cont.) - references0511
References (Cont.) - references0512
References (Cont.) - references0513
PART XII: Sediment Covers
Theory and Design - references0515
Effectiveness, Costs, and Feasibility - references0516
Dartek
Polypropylene
Other materials
Limitations and Concerns - references0520
Table 16. Summary of Features of Sediment Covering Materials
Table 17. A Summary of Sediment Covers
References - references0523
Part XIII: HERBICIDES AND ALGICIDES
Effectiveness and Feasibility
Copper-containing compounds
Endothall
Endothall (Cont.)
Fluridone
Table 18. Common Aquatic Weed Sepcies and Their Responses to Herbicides
Table 18 (Concluded)
Costs
Limitations and Concerns - references0533
Summary - references0534
Table 19. Summary of Algicides and Herbicides
References - references0536
References (cont.) - references0537
References (cont.) - references0538
References (cont.) - references0539
References (cont.) - references0540
References (cont.) - references0541
handbook on Water Quality Enchacement techniques for Reservoirs and Tailwaters
