Introduction - CHL-99-170019Figure 1.1 Breakwater failure modesIntroduction (cont.) - CHL-99-170021Introduction (cont.) - CHL-99-170022Introduction (cont.) - CHL-99-170023Incipient Stability of Breakwater Armor UnitsArmor Stability EquationsArmor Stability Equations (cont.) - CHL-99-170026Armor Stability Equations (cont.) - CHL-99-170027Armor Incipient Motion StudiesArmor Incipient Motion Studies (cont.)Experimental SetupFigure 2.1 Flume plan (top) and profile (bottom) views for incipient motion experimentFigure 2.2 Definition sketch for typical structure profileTable 2.2 Ranges of Measured Physical Quantities and Common Dimensionless Parameters for Plans 3 and 4Experimental Setup (cont.)Incipient Motion ObservationsExperimental MeasurementsFigure 2.3 Velocity time series for one wave period with Ht = 12 cm, T = 1 s, dt = 24 cm and dL = 8.8 cm measured 1 cm outside the armor layerFigure 2.4 Velocity vector for one wave period for armor lifting measured 1 cm outside the armor layer with Ht = 8.4 cm, T = 2 s, dt = 24 cm, and dL = 17 cmFigure 2.6 Measurement locations for vertical velocities shown in Figure 2.5Figure 2.7 Maximum vertical velocity versus the square root of wave steepness for wave periods T = 1 and 2 s and relative depths rd = 0.36, 0.5, and 0.7Incipient Motion PredictionIncipient Motion Prediction (cont.) - CHL-99-170042Incipient Motion Prediction (cont.) - CHL-99-170043Table 2.3 Summary of Convection Measurement Experiment Results with cot θ=2, Dn=4.6 cm, and dt=24 cmFigure 2.8 Vertical variation of vertical velocity under a steep wave front across the armor layers as a function of wave steepnessIncipient Motion Prediction (cont.) - CHL-99-170046Incipient Motion Prediction (cont.) - CHL-99-170047Figure 2.9 Photographs of sphere motion during a typical incipient motion experiment for Plan 4Figure 2.10 Incipient motion criterion (Equation 2.16 with vc = 61.8 cm/s) versus wave steepnessConclusions from Incipient Motion StudyHistorical Damage Measurement and DescriptionFigure 3.1 Sketch of breakwater profile with definition of eroded area and depth of coverEroded Volume MethodEroded Volume Method (cont.) - CHL-99-170054Eroded Volume Method (cont.) - CHL-99-170055Eroded Volume Method (cont.) - CHL-99-170056Eroded Volume Method (cont.) - CHL-99-170057Stone Count MethodDamage Measurement ExperimentsDamage Measurement Experiments (cont.) - CHL-99-170060Damage Measurement Experiments (cont.) - CHL-99-170061Damage Progression PredictionTable 3.1 Jackson (1968) Breakwater Damage from table 7.9 of SPM (1984)Figure 3.2 Danage, characterized as eroded volume, as a function of monochromatic wave height for angular stone (SPM 1984)Damage Progression Prediction (cont.) - CHL-99-170065Damage Progression Prediction (cont.) - CHL-99-170066Damage Progression Prediction (cont.) - CHL-99-170067Variability in Stability ResultsVariability in Stability Results (cont.)Figure 3.3 Hudson stability coefficient versus relative depth for angular armor stone exposed to irregular wavesDeterioration ExperimentFigure 4.1 Flume profile for damage experimentsFigure 4.3 Photograph of model structures before testingExperimental test conditionsTable 4.1 Experiment Conditions for Initial Damage ExperimentFigure 4.4 Armor and underlayer stone mass distributions for initial experimentArmor Layer and UnderlayerModel-Prototype SimilitudeModel-Prototype Similitude (cont.)Wave Generation and Measurement in Initial ExperimentTable 4.2 Wave Generation in Initial Damage ExperimentWave MeasurementFigure 4.5 Flume profile near structure with nearshore wave gage layoutWave Measurement (cont.) - CHL-99-170084Wave Measurement (cont.) - CHL-99-170085Table 4.3 Nearshore Wave Statistics for Incident Spectra and Related Parameters with Structure in PlaceTable 4.4 Nearshore Wave Statistics for Incident Time Series and Related Parameters with Structure in PlaceWave Measurement (cont.) - CHL-99-170088Figure 4.6 Wave height variation throughout Waves 1, 2, and 3 at 11.9 cm toe depthWave Measurement (cont.) - CHL-99-170090Wave Measurement (cont.) - CHL-99-170091Effect of Overtopping on StabilityFigure 4.8 Plan (top) and Profile (bottom) views of breakwater profilerFigure 4.9. Photograph of breakwater profilerArmor Profiler and Profile Measuring TechniqueArmor Profiler and Profile Measuring Technique (cont.) - CHL-99-170096Armor Profiler and Profile Measuring Technique (cont.) - CHL-99-170097Armor Profiler and Profile Measuring Technique (cont.) - CHL-99-170098Damage MeasurementsOverview - CHL-99-170100Damage and Eroded Profile ParametersFigure 5.1 Sketch of breakwater profile with definition of damage parametersProbability Density Functions of Damage, Eroded Depth, and Cover Depth - CHL-99-170103Probability Density Functions of Damage, Eroded Depth, and Cover Depth (cont.) - CHL-99-170104Probability Density Functions of Damage, Eroded Depth, and Cover Depth (cont.) - CHL-99-170105Figure 5.2 Probability density function for normalized damage S* for Series A', B', and C'Figure 5.3 Probability density function for mormalized eroded depth E* for Series A', B', and C'Temporal Damage Development - CHL-99-170108Figure 5.5. Photographs of undamaged structures prior to Series ANFigure 5.6 Profiles at beginning of Series A', damage level of S ≈ 0Figure 5.7. Profiles midway through Series A , damage level of S = 6.5Figure 5.8 Profiles following completion of Series A', damage level of S = 12.8Figure 5.9. Photographs of structures following completion of Series AN, damage level of = 12.8Figure 5.10 Number of waves versus mean damage one standard deviation for Series A'Temporal Damage Development (cont.) - CHL-99-170115Temporal Damage Development (cont.) - CHL-99-170116Figure 5.11 Number of waves versus mean damage one standard deviation for Series B'Characteristics of Profile ErosionFigure 5.13 Number of waves versus mean maximum eroded depth one standard deviation for Series A'Figure 5.14 Number of waves versus mean minimum cover depth one standard deviation for Series A'Figure 5.16 Mean damage versus mean maximum eroded depth and mean minimum cover depth for Series A'Figure 5.17 Mean damage versus mean maximum eroded length for Series A'Figure 5.18 Number of waves versus mean maximum eroded depth one standard deviation for Series B'Figure 5.20 Number of waves versus mean minimum cover depth one standard deviation for Series B'Figure 5.22 Number of waves versus mean maximum eroded length for Series B'Figure 5.24 Mean damage versus mean maximum eroded depth and mean minimum cover depth for Series B'Figure 5.26 Mean damage versus mean maximum eroded length for Series B'Damage and Eroded Profile PredictionFigure 6.1 Prediction of damage variability, characterized by the standard deviation, as a function of mean damage for Series A', B', and C'Figure 6.2 Predictionof mean maximum eroded depth as a function of mean damage for Series A', B', and C'Damage VariabilityFigure 6.4 Prediction of mean eroded length as a function of mean damage for Series A', B', and C'Figure 6.5 Prediction of mean minimum cover depth as a function of mean damage for Series A', B', and C'Figure 6.6 Prediction of standard deviation of minimum cover depth as a function of mean damage for Series A', B', and C'Damage Variability (cont.) - CHL-99-170135Damage Variability (cont.) - CHL-99-170136Table 6.1 Depth-Limited Damage Data from Van der Meer (1988)Damage Variability (cont.) - CHL-99-170138Damage Variability (cont.) - CHL-99-170139Damage Variability (cont.) - CHL-99-170140Damage Variability (cont.) - CHL-99-170141Damage Variability (cont.) - CHL-99-170142Figure 6.7 Damage prediction relations compared to data for Series A'Figure 6.8 Damage prediction relations compared to data for Series B'Effect of Wave Period and Armor Gradation ProgressionTable 7.2 Summary of Incident Wave CharacteristicsExperimental Setup and Test ConditionsFigure 7.1 Stone mass distributions for riprap and underlayerProbability Density Functions of Damage, Eroded Depth, and Cover Depth - CHL-99-170149Figure 7.2 Probability density function for normalized damage S* for Series D', E', F', and G'Figure 7.4 Probability density function for normalized cover depth C* for Series D', E', F', and G'Figure 7.5 Prediction of damage variability, characterized by the standard deviation, as a function of mean damage for Series B', D', E', F', and G'Figure 7.6 Prediction of mean maximum eroded depth as afunction of mean damage for Series B', D', E', F', ang G'Figure 7.7 Prediction of standard deviation of maximum eroded depth as a function of mean damage for Series B', D', F', and G'Eroded Profile PredictionFigure 7.9 Prediction of mean minimum cover depth as a function of mean damage for Series B', D, E', F', and GTemporal Damage Development - CHL-99-170157Figure 7.11 Damage prediction relations compared to data for Series D'Figure 7.13 Dmage prediction relations compared to data for Series F'Figure 7.15 Damage prediction relations compared to data for Series D' including damage initiation adjustmentFigure 7.17 Damage prediction relations compared to data for Series F' including damage initiation adjustmentSummary and Conclusions - CHL-99-170162Summary and Conclusions (cont.) - CHL-99-170163Summary and Conclusions (cont.) - CHL-99-170164Summary and Conclusions (cont.) - CHL-99-170165Summary and Conclusions (cont.) - CHL-99-170166Summary and Conclusions (cont.) - CHL-99-170167Summary and Conclusions (cont.) - CHL-99-170168Summary and Conclusions (cont.) - CHL-99-170169Appendix A. Summary of Wave MeasurementsFigure A1. Wave generator command signals for six wave cases of initial experimentFigure A.2 Spectra of wave generator command signals for Waves 1, 2, and 3 for 11.9 cm toe depthFigure A.4 Wave 1 measured time series from wave gagesFigure A.5 Wave 2 measured time series from wave gagesFigure A.6 Wave 3 measured time series from wave gagesFigure A.7 Wave 4 measured time series from wave gagesFigure A.8 Wave 5 measured time series from wave gagesFigure A.9 Wave 6 measured time series from wave gagesFigure A.10 Wave 1 incident and reflected spectra from wave gagesFigure A.11 Wave 2 incident and reflected spectra from wave gagesFigure A.12 Wave 3 incident and reflected spectra from wave gagesFigure A.13 Wave 4 incident and reflected spectra from wave gagesFigure A.14 Wave 5 incident and reflected spectra from wave gagesFigure A.15 Wave 6 incident and reflected spectra from wave gagesFigure A.16 Wave 7 incident and reflected spectra from wave gagesFigure A.17 Wave 8 incident and reflected spectra from wave gagesFigure A.18 Wave 9 incident and reflected spectra from wave gagesFigure A.19 Wave 10 incident and reflected spectra from wave gagesFigure A.20 Wave 11 incident and reflected spectra from wave gagesFigure A.21 Wave 12 incident and reflected spectra from wave gagesFigure A.22 Wave 13 incident and reflected spectra from wave gagesFigure A.23 Wave 14 incident and reflected spectra from wave gagesFigure A.24 Wave 14 incident and reflected spectra from wave gagesFigure A.25 Wave 16 incident and reflected spectra from wave gagesFigure A.26 Wave 17 incident and reflected spectra from wave gagesFigure A.27 Wave 18 incident and reflected spectra from wave gagesFigure A.28 Wave 19 incident and reflected spectra from wave gagesFigure A.29 Wave 20 incident and reflected spectra from wave gagesFigure A.30 Wave 21 incident and reflected spectra from wave gagesFigure A.31 Wave 22 incident and reflected spectra from wave gagesFigure A.32 Wave 23 incident and reflected spectra from wave gagesFigure A.33 Wave 24 incident and reflected spectra from wave gagesFigure A.34 Wave 25 incident and reflected spectra from wave gagesFigure A.35 Wave 26 incident and reflected spectra from wave gagesAppendix B. Summary of Damage and Profile MeasurementsTable B1. Series A' Measured DamageTable B1. Series A' Measured Damage (cont.)Table B2. Series B' Measured DamageTable B3. Series C' Measured DamageTable B4. Series D' Measured DamageTable B5. Series E' Measured DamageTable B6. Series F' Measured DamageTable B7. Series G' Measured DamageReferences - CHL-99-170214References (cont.) - CHL-99-170215References (cont.) - CHL-99-170216References (cont.) - CHL-99-170217References (cont.) - CHL-99-170218References (cont.) - CHL-99-170219Report Documentation Page - CHL-99-170220CHL-99-17