WATERSHED - RESERVOIR PROCESSES: RELATION TO WATER QUALITY
Figure 1.1.1. Relationship Between Precipitation, Runoff and Retention in the SCS Curve Number Equation
SCS Curve Number Determination - 8_WQ_Manual0011
Table 1.1.1. General SCS Runoff Curve Numbers for rural Lands Including Feed Lots
Precipitation and Snowmelt
Figure 1.1.2. Graphical Solution to the SCS Curve Number Equation
Precipitation and Snowmelt (cont.)
Functional Relationship of Loads and Concentrations - 8_WQ_Manual0016
Figure 1.1.3. Water Budget for the Lumped Parameter GWLF Stream Flow Model
Evapotranspiration - 8_WQ_Manual0018
Nutrient Budget for the Loading Function - 8_WQ_Manual0019
Cropland and Forest Dissolved Nutrient Loading - 8_WQ_Manual0020
Table 1.1.2. Dissolved Flow-weighted Mean Concentration Nutrients in Agricultural Runoff.
EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION
Rainfall Erosivity - 8_WQ_Manual0023
Figure 1.1.4. General Relationship Between Rainfall Amount and Erosion Index for Individual Storms
Sediment Delivery - 8_WQ_Manual0025
Figure 1.1.5 Sediment Delivery Ration as a Function of Watershed Drainage Area
Sediment-Attached Nutrient Loading - 8_WQ_Manual0027
Feedlot Pollutant Runoff - 8_WQ_Manual0028
Figure 1.1.6. Feedlot site plan
Feedlot Pollutant Runoff (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0030
Table 1.1.4 Ratio of COD, P, and N produced by various animals to that produced by a 1,000 pound slaughter steer.
Figure 1.1.7. Percent manure pack vs. animal unit density
Table 1.1.5. Background Runoff Concentrations of Total Phosphorus and Chemical Oxygen Demand For Rural Land Uses.
Table 1.1.6. Background Runoff Concentrations For Total Nitrogen From Rural Land Uses. - 8_WQ_Manual0034
Feedlot Pollutant Runoff (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0035
NONPOINT SOURCES - 8_WQ_Manual0036
Urban and Industrial Sites - 8_WQ_Manual0037
Table 1.1.7. Urban Event Mean Concentrations for Several Pollutants and their Variability
Table 1.1.8. Urban Runoff Curve Numbers
Forestry - 8_WQ_Manual0040
Table 1.1.9 Characterization of the 20 Study Sites - 8_WQ_Manual0041
Table 1.1.10 Concentrations of Metals and Other Analytes in First Flush Runoff Sample and Storm Rainfall - 8_WQ_Manual0042
Table 1.1.11 Concentrations (mg/l) of Conventional Water Quality Parameters in First Flush Runoff Samples
Table 1.1.12 Export Coefficients Compiled from Literature Reviews by Reckhow and Dodd
NONPOINT SOURCE SIMULATION MODELS - 8_WQ_Manual0045
NONPOINT SOURCE SIMULATION MODELS (cont.)
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0047
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0048
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0049
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0050
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0051
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0052
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0053
PRACTICAL LIMNOLOGY - 8_WQ_Manual0054
WHAT ARE THE KINDS OF SYSTEMS? - 8_WQ_Manual0055
INTRODUCTION TO RESERVOIRS - 8_WQ_Manual0056
TERMINOLOGY - 8_WQ_Manual0057
Physical Processes - Light and Thermal Energy - 8_WQ_Manual0058
Table 1.2.1. Some Characteristics of Reservoirs Compared to Natural Lakes - 8_WQ_Manual0059
Figure 1.2.2 Wavelengths of Solar Radiation versus Relative Intensity
Physical Properties of Water - 8_WQ_Manual0061
Figure 1.2.3 The relationship between temperature and density for pure water. - 8_WQ_Manual0062
Thermal Energy and the Ecosystem - 8_WQ_Manual0063
Thermal Energy and the Ecosystem (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0064
Figure 1.2.4. Diagram illustrating thermal patterns typical of a stratified monomictic lake. - 8_WQ_Manual0065
Figure 1.2.5. The extinction of light in pure water - 8_WQ_Manual0066
Figure 1.2.6. Wavelength dependence of extinction coefficient and the effect of penetration of light in water - 8_WQ_Manual0067
Figure 1.2.7. The relationship between temperature and viscosity for pure water
Stability and Heat Budgets - 8_WQ_Manual0069
Stability Equation - 8_WQ_Manual0070
RESERVOIR ZONATION - 8_WQ_Manual0071
Chemical Processes - 8_WQ_Manual0072
Figure 1.2.8 Consequence of construction of Richard B. Russell Lake on phosphorus loading to J. Strom Thurmond Lake, just downstream
Figure 1.2.9 Theoretical hydrograph showing the major features of stream flow through a storm event - 8_WQ_Manual0074
Henry's Law of Solubility - 8_WQ_Manual0075
Henry's Law of Solubility (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0076
Henry's Law of Solubility (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0077
HABITAT AND LIFE ZONES - 8_WQ_Manual0078
HABITAT AND LIFE ZONES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0079
HABITAT AND LIFE ZONES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0080
BIOTA: MAJOR COMPONENTS IN LAKES - 8_WQ_Manual0081
BIOTA: MAJOR COMPONENTS IN LAKES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0082
BIOTA 2: FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS - 8_WQ_Manual0083
DISTRIBUTION AND TYPOLOGY
PROJECT PURPOSES - 8_WQ_Manual0085
Figure 1.2.10. Distributions of natural lakes and reservoirs
Figure 1.2.11 Distribution of Corps of Engineers projects by type - 8_WQ_Manual0087
RESERVOIR OPERATIONS - 8_WQ_Manual0088
RESERVOIR OPERATIONS (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0089
Figure 1.2.12 Illustration of bottom withdrawal structure, spillway, nd stilling basin (USACE 1987)
Figure 1.2.14 Dual wet well multilevel withdrawal structure (USACE 1987) - 8_WQ_Manual0091
Figure 1.2.15 Schematic of a hydropower facility (USACE 1987) - 8_WQ_Manual0092
HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS AND THE FACTORS CONTROLLING ALGAL GROWTH - 8_WQ_Manual0093
Major Algal Groups - 8_WQ_Manual0094
Major Algal Groups (cont.)
Cyanobacteria: the Blue -Green Algae - 8_WQ_Manual0096
Other Important Differences Between Cyanobacteria and True Algae
Nuisance Growth and Harmful Algal Blooms - Growth and Control - 8_WQ_Manual0098
TRUTH STATEMENT
Ecological Growth Control - 8_WQ_Manual0100
Factors Under Hydro-project Control - 8_WQ_Manual0101
Nutrient Ratios - 8_WQ_Manual0102
Nutrient Limitation - 8_WQ_Manual0103
Future Outlook for HABs - 8_WQ_Manual0104
Specific References - 8_WQ_Manual0105
General References - 8_WQ_Manual0106
Pfiesteria References - 8_WQ_Manual0107
Domoic Acid And Pseudo-Nitzschia References
General and Review References - 8_WQ_Manual0109
General and Review References (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0110
General and Review References (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0111
REFERENCES - 8_WQ_Manual0112
OVERVIEW OF LIMNOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN TAILWATERS - 8_WQ_Manual0113
Figure 1.3.1 Three major types of flow regulation at reservoirs: A) attenuation, B) storage, and C) manipulation - 8_WQ_Manual0114
Figure 1.3.2 Idealized reservoir tailwater depicting morphometric features (e.g. riffles and pools), downstream users, material transport/deposition scenarios, and flow related influences.
Figure 1.3.3 General diagram of laminar and turbulent flow
HYDROLOGY/MATERIAL TRANSPORT - 8_WQ_Manual0117
Figure 1.3.4 Physical model simulation of currents downstream from a hydropower dam - 8_WQ_Manual0118
Figure 1.3.5 Idealized velocity distributions in channels of different slopes - 8_WQ_Manual0119
HYDROLOGY/MATERIAL TRANSPORT (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0120
Figure 1.3.7 Tailwater hydrographs in response to different retention times for a rapid and high flow event and an event of lesser magnitude but longer duration.
Figure 1.3.8 Hydrographs from (A) a hydropower operation (mean daily discharge), (B) a flood control project in New York, and (C) a flood control project in Arizona. - 8_WQ_Manual0122
Figure 1.3.9 Hourly discharge from a peaking, hydropower operation. - 8_WQ_Manual0123
MORPHOLOGY - 8_WQ_Manual0124
THERMAL PATTERNS - 8_WQ_Manual0125
Figure 1.3.11 Temperature and dissolved oxygen concentrations from the releases from Hartwell Dam (a peaking hydropower project on the Georgia and South Carolina border) depicting A) seasonal and annual cycles and B) daily cycles. - 8_WQ_Manual0126
Figure 1.3.12 Effects of selective withdrawal from various depths upon flow patterns, density, and temperature profiles, in homogeneous and stratified lakes. - 8_WQ_Manual0127
Figure 1.3.13 Temperature and dissolved oxygen concentrations in response to peaking hydropower generation in the tailwater of West Point Lake, Georgia and Alabama.
Figure 1.3.14 Change in dissolved oxygen concentrations in the release waters from West Point Dam as a function of travel time (distance) - 8_WQ_Manual0129
CHEMICAL PROCESSES - 8_WQ_Manual0130
CHEMICAL PROCESSES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0131
Figure 1.3.16 Temporal patterns in total iron and manganese concentrations in a reservoir tailwater (East Sidney Lake, NY).
Figure 1.3.17 Temporal patterns in dissolved and particulate iron and manganese concentrations in a reservoirs tailwater
Figure 1.3.18 Spatial trends in total and dissolved iron and manganese concentrations in reservoir tailwaters during high (H) and low (L) flow
Figure 1.3.20 Spatial trends in ammonia and nitrate concentrations in reservoir tailwaters during high (H) and low (L) flow
Figure 1.3.21 Variation of suspended solids with time in the tailwater of Allatoona Lake, GA (note relatively low and constant concentrations) and at the Cartersville water intake (note increased variability more typical of riverine conditions
Figure 1.3.22 Measured and computed dissolved oxygen concentrations demonstrating "sags" in longitudinal concentrations.
BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES - 8_WQ_Manual0138
SUMMARY - 8_WQ_Manual0139
Table 1.3.1 Calculated Mean Velocities (cm sec-1) for Various Slopes and Morphometries
REFERENCES - 8_WQ_Manual0141
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0142
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0143
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0144
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT
WATER QUALITY BIOCRITERIA AND INDICATORS - 8_WQ_Manual0146
WATER QUALITY BIOCRITERIA AND INDICATORS (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0147
Table 2.1 Features Useful for Developing Indicators - 8_WQ_Manual0148
OVERVIEW OF CONTAMINANTS, SPILLS, ETC. - 8_WQ_Manual0149
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBS)
Figure 2.1.1 Summary of major processes and mechanisms in the interactions between dissolved and solid species in surface waters. - 8_WQ_Manual0151
Figure 2.1.2 Dissolution of ferric oxyhydroxide layer and release of coprecipitated metals in an acid, reducing environment - 8_WQ_Manual0152
CHEMICAL SPILLS - 8_WQ_Manual0153
Figure 2.1.3 Zonation of reservoir sediments
SAMPLE DESIGN - 8_WQ_Manual0155
Figure 2.1.4 Hypothetical time scale for selected physical, chemical and biological processes - 8_WQ_Manual0156
Site Location
FATE AND TRANSPORT MODELING FOR CONTAMINANTS
Table 2.1.1 Selected Water Quality Models - 8_WQ_Manual0159
REFERENCES - 8_WQ_Manual0160
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0161
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0162
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0163
ASSESSMENT OF WATERSHED PROCESSES - 8_WQ_Manual0164
Documenting a Cause-and-Effect Relationship - 8_WQ_Manual0165
Elements of Monitoring Needed to Link Land Management Modifications with Water Quality Changes - 8_WQ_Manual0166
Quantitative Monitoring of Land Management. - 8_WQ_Manual0167
Matching of Land Treatment and Water Quality Data on a Spatial (Drainage) Scale
Summary - 8_WQ_Manual0169
REFERENCES - 8_WQ_Manual0170
ASSESSMENT OF RESERVOIR PROCESSES - 8_WQ_Manual0171
LAKE ASSESSMENT, THE FIRST STEP - 8_WQ_Manual0172
The Practical Reality - 8_WQ_Manual0173
The Methods of Assessment - Field Collections - 8_WQ_Manual0174
SAMPLING CONSIDERATIONS - 8_WQ_Manual0175
Temporal Dependence - 8_WQ_Manual0176
Data Management Considerations
FIELD DATA - DATABASE - 8_WQ_Manual0178
Specialized Analyses - 8_WQ_Manual0179
Other Specialized Assessment Methods - 8_WQ_Manual0180
CASE STUDY - RICHARD B. RUSSELL LAKE - 8_WQ_Manual0181
REFERENCES - 8_WQ_Manual0182
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0183
ASSESSMENT OF TAILWATER PROCESSES - 8_WQ_Manual0184
SAMPLING CONSIDERATIONS - 8_WQ_Manual0185
Figure 2.4.1 Decision diagram for implementing a monitoring program with remote monitors.
Figure 2.4.2 Schematic of monitor setup and data transfer to a remote user
REFERENCES - 8_WQ_Manual0188
INTERACTIONS WITH OTHERS
DEFINING MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES - 8_WQ_Manual0190
Table 3.1.1 Clean Water and Watershed Restoration Budget Initiative - 8_WQ_Manual0191
RISK ASSESSMENT - 8_WQ_Manual0192
DISCUSSION - 8_WQ_Manual0193
REFERENCES - 8_WQ_Manual0194
ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES
WATERSHED TECHNIQUES - 8_WQ_Manual0196
TECHNOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONS - 8_WQ_Manual0197
Best Management Practices - 8_WQ_Manual0198
Best Management Practices (cont.)
Infiltration Devices - 8_WQ_Manual0200
Detention Devices
Forestry - 8_WQ_Manual0202
Forestry (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0203
Agriculture
Conservation Tillage - 8_WQ_Manual0205
Terraces - 8_WQ_Manual0206
Irrigation System Furrow Improvements.
Irrigation System Furrow Improvements. (cont.)
Animal Waste Management Systems - 8_WQ_Manual0209
Nutrient Management Systems - 8_WQ_Manual0210
Nutrient Management Systems (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0211
Nutrient Management Systems (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0212
Grassed Waterways - 8_WQ_Manual0213
Filter Strips - 8_WQ_Manual0214
Site Selection - 8_WQ_Manual0215
Installation - 8_WQ_Manual0216
COST OF BMPs
REFERENCES - 8_WQ_Manual0218
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0219
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0220
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0221
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0222
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0223
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0224
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0225
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0226
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0227
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0228
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0229
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0230
Table 4.2.1. Total Nitrogen and Total Phosphorus Concentration in Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent - 8_WQ_Manual0231
Table 4.2.3. Summary of Best Management Practices - 8_WQ_Manual0232
Table 4.2.4. Computed Fractions of Clay, Silt and Aggregates Entering a Grass Filter Strip from a Silt Loam Soil - 8_WQ_Manual0233
Table 4.2.6. Sample Calculations for the Sediment Delivery Ratio - 8_WQ_Manual0234
Table 4.2.7 NRCS Conservation Practices, Pollutants Potentially Controlled, and Sources of Pollutants (Cite)
Table 4.2.7 NRCS Conservation Practices, Pollutants Potentially Controlled, and Sources of Pollutants (Cite) (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0236
Table 4.2.7 NRCS Conservation Practices, Pollutants Potentially Controlled, and Sources of Pollutants (Cite) (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0237
Table 4.2.7 NRCS Conservation Practices, Pollutants Potentially Controlled, and Sources of Pollutants (Cite) (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0238
IN-RESERVOIR TECHNIQUES: SELECTIVE WITHDRAWAL - 8_WQ_Manual0239
Figure 4.3.1 Schematic of withdrawal zone - 8_WQ_Manual0240
Applications of Selective Withdrawal - 8_WQ_Manual0241
Summary - 8_WQ_Manual0242
Table 4.3.1 Summary of Multilevel Selective Withdrawal
Figure 4.3.2 Nutrient reduction through hypolimnetic withdrawal
Review of Applications - 8_WQ_Manual0245
Table 4.3.2 Summary of Hypolimnetic Withdrawal
Figure 4.3.3 Schematic of a submerged dam
SUBMERGED SKIMMING WEIR
Table 4.3.3 Summary of Temperature Control Weirs and Curtains
Figure 4.3.4 Schematic of submerged skimming weir
Applications of Submerged Skimming Weirs - 8_WQ_Manual0251
Table 4.3.4 Summary of Submerged Skimming Weir
References - 8_WQ_Manual0253
References (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0254
References (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0255
IN-RESERVOIR TECHNIQUES - OPERATIONAL TECHNIQUES - 8_WQ_Manual0256
Figure 4.4.1 Example of guide curve modification
Implementation - 8_WQ_Manual0258
Table 4.4.1 Summary of Guide Curve Change
INFLOW ROUTING - 8_WQ_Manual0260
Figure 4.4.2 Routing of undesirable inflows
SUPPLEMENTAL RELEASES FOR WATER QUALITY
Table 4.4.2 Summary of Inflow Routing
Figure 4.4.3 Example of improved dissolved oxygen with supplemental releases - 8_WQ_Manual0264
Implementation - 8_WQ_Manual0265
Table 4.4.3 Summary of Supplemental Releases For Water Quality
Figure 4.4.4. Example of effect of flow concentration through a single gate
Evaluation Methodology - 8_WQ_Manual0268
Table 4.4.4 Summary of Concentration of Flow Through One Gate
Design Criteria - 8_WQ_Manual0270
Figure 4.4.5 Release temperatures from a selective withdrawal tower based upon a "best daily" operation and then a "seasonal" operation - 8_WQ_Manual0271
Implementation - 8_WQ_Manual0272
Summary - 8_WQ_Manual0273
Table 4.4.5 Summary of Release Strategy Optimization
REFERENCES - 8_WQ_Manual0275
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0276
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0277
IN-RESERVOIR TECHNIQUES: AERATORS/OXYGENATION - 8_WQ_Manual0278
Figure 4.5.1 Example hypolimnetic aeration devices - 8_WQ_Manual0279
Figure 4.5.1 Example hypolimnetic aeration devices - 8_WQ_Manual0280
DESIGN METHODOLOGY - 8_WQ_Manual0281
SUMMARY - 8_WQ_Manual0282
Table 4.5.1 Summary of Aeration-Oxygenation Systems
REFERENCES - 8_WQ_Manual0284
IN-RESERVOIR TECHNIQUES: MIXERS
Figure 4.6.1 Destratification induced by bubble column - 8_WQ_Manual0286
Applications of Pneumatic Destratification - 8_WQ_Manual0287
Table 4.6.1 Pneumatic Destratification Installations
Applications of Pneumatic Destratification (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0289
LOCALIZED MIXING - 8_WQ_Manual0290
Table 4.6.2 Summary of Pneumatic Destratification
Figure 4.6.2 Schematic of localized mixing application - 8_WQ_Manual0292
Applications of Localized Mixing - 8_WQ_Manual0293
Summary - 8_WQ_Manual0294
Table 4.6.3 Summary of Localized Mixing
REFERENCES - 8_WQ_Manual0296
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0297
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0298
IN-STRUCTURE TECHNIQUES: TURBINE VENTING, AUTO-VENTING TURBINE TECHNOLOGY, AND FORCED AIR
Figure 4.7.1 Vacuum Breaker Venting System
Figure 4.7.2 Effect of Hub Baffles on Air Flow
Applications - 8_WQ_Manual0302
AUTO-VENTING TURBINE TECHNOLOGY
Table 4.7.1 Summary of Turbine Venting
Figure 4.7.3 Aerating Turbine for Norris Hydro Project
Table 4.7.2 Summary of Auto-Venting Turbine Technology
FORCED AIR - 8_WQ_Manual0307
Table 4.7.3 Summary of Forced Air Turbine Venting
REFERENCES - 8_WQ_Manual0309
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0310
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0311
Table 4.7.4. Aeration Experience in Retrofitting Existing Turbines - 8_WQ_Manual0312
Table 4.7.4. Aeration Experience in Retrofitting Existing Turbines (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0313
TAILWATER TECHNIQUES - 8_WQ_Manual0314
Design Considerations - 8_WQ_Manual0315
Figure 4.8.1 Discharge below Douglas Dam with Turbine Pulsing - 8_WQ_Manual0316
Turbine Pulsing
Mobile Systems
TAILWATER TECHNIQUES: AERATING WEIRS - 8_WQ_Manual0319
Theory - 8_WQ_Manual0320
Figure 4.8.2 Aerating Weir Types - 8_WQ_Manual0321
Design and Construction Considerations - 8_WQ_Manual0322
Table 4.8.1. Prototype Aerating Weirs
REFERENCES - 8_WQ_Manual0324
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0325
Table 4.9.1. Partial List of Water Quality Management Techniques for Reservoirs and Tailwaters
BIOLOGICAL MANIPULATION - 8_WQ_Manual0327
Figure 4.9.1 The aquatic food chain, indicating interactions between the components of the biomanipulation model
REFERENCES - 8_WQ_Manual0329
POST-PROJECT EVALUATION PROCESSES
SHORT AND LONG TERM TRENDS - 8_WQ_Manual0331
8_WQ_Manual
Figure 1.1.1. Relationship Between Precipitation, Runoff and Retention in the SCS Curve Number Equation
SCS Curve Number Determination - 8_WQ_Manual0011
Table 1.1.1. General SCS Runoff Curve Numbers for rural Lands Including Feed Lots
Precipitation and Snowmelt
Figure 1.1.2. Graphical Solution to the SCS Curve Number Equation
Precipitation and Snowmelt (cont.)
Functional Relationship of Loads and Concentrations - 8_WQ_Manual0016
Figure 1.1.3. Water Budget for the Lumped Parameter GWLF Stream Flow Model
Evapotranspiration - 8_WQ_Manual0018
Nutrient Budget for the Loading Function - 8_WQ_Manual0019
Cropland and Forest Dissolved Nutrient Loading - 8_WQ_Manual0020
Table 1.1.2. Dissolved Flow-weighted Mean Concentration Nutrients in Agricultural Runoff.
EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION
Rainfall Erosivity - 8_WQ_Manual0023
Figure 1.1.4. General Relationship Between Rainfall Amount and Erosion Index for Individual Storms
Sediment Delivery - 8_WQ_Manual0025
Figure 1.1.5 Sediment Delivery Ration as a Function of Watershed Drainage Area
Sediment-Attached Nutrient Loading - 8_WQ_Manual0027
Feedlot Pollutant Runoff - 8_WQ_Manual0028
Figure 1.1.6. Feedlot site plan
Feedlot Pollutant Runoff (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0030
Table 1.1.4 Ratio of COD, P, and N produced by various animals to that produced by a 1,000 pound slaughter steer.
Figure 1.1.7. Percent manure pack vs. animal unit density
Table 1.1.5. Background Runoff Concentrations of Total Phosphorus and Chemical Oxygen Demand For Rural Land Uses.
Table 1.1.6. Background Runoff Concentrations For Total Nitrogen From Rural Land Uses. - 8_WQ_Manual0034
Feedlot Pollutant Runoff (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0035
NONPOINT SOURCES - 8_WQ_Manual0036
Urban and Industrial Sites - 8_WQ_Manual0037
Table 1.1.7. Urban Event Mean Concentrations for Several Pollutants and their Variability
Table 1.1.8. Urban Runoff Curve Numbers
Forestry - 8_WQ_Manual0040
Table 1.1.9 Characterization of the 20 Study Sites - 8_WQ_Manual0041
Table 1.1.10 Concentrations of Metals and Other Analytes in First Flush Runoff Sample and Storm Rainfall - 8_WQ_Manual0042
Table 1.1.11 Concentrations (mg/l) of Conventional Water Quality Parameters in First Flush Runoff Samples
Table 1.1.12 Export Coefficients Compiled from Literature Reviews by Reckhow and Dodd
NONPOINT SOURCE SIMULATION MODELS - 8_WQ_Manual0045
NONPOINT SOURCE SIMULATION MODELS (cont.)
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0047
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0048
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0049
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0050
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0051
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0052
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0053
PRACTICAL LIMNOLOGY - 8_WQ_Manual0054
WHAT ARE THE KINDS OF SYSTEMS? - 8_WQ_Manual0055
INTRODUCTION TO RESERVOIRS - 8_WQ_Manual0056
TERMINOLOGY - 8_WQ_Manual0057
Physical Processes - Light and Thermal Energy - 8_WQ_Manual0058
Table 1.2.1. Some Characteristics of Reservoirs Compared to Natural Lakes - 8_WQ_Manual0059
Figure 1.2.2 Wavelengths of Solar Radiation versus Relative Intensity
Physical Properties of Water - 8_WQ_Manual0061
Figure 1.2.3 The relationship between temperature and density for pure water. - 8_WQ_Manual0062
Thermal Energy and the Ecosystem - 8_WQ_Manual0063
Thermal Energy and the Ecosystem (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0064
Figure 1.2.4. Diagram illustrating thermal patterns typical of a stratified monomictic lake. - 8_WQ_Manual0065
Figure 1.2.5. The extinction of light in pure water - 8_WQ_Manual0066
Figure 1.2.6. Wavelength dependence of extinction coefficient and the effect of penetration of light in water - 8_WQ_Manual0067
Figure 1.2.7. The relationship between temperature and viscosity for pure water
Stability and Heat Budgets - 8_WQ_Manual0069
Stability Equation - 8_WQ_Manual0070
RESERVOIR ZONATION - 8_WQ_Manual0071
Chemical Processes - 8_WQ_Manual0072
Figure 1.2.8 Consequence of construction of Richard B. Russell Lake on phosphorus loading to J. Strom Thurmond Lake, just downstream
Figure 1.2.9 Theoretical hydrograph showing the major features of stream flow through a storm event - 8_WQ_Manual0074
Henry's Law of Solubility - 8_WQ_Manual0075
Henry's Law of Solubility (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0076
Henry's Law of Solubility (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0077
HABITAT AND LIFE ZONES - 8_WQ_Manual0078
HABITAT AND LIFE ZONES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0079
HABITAT AND LIFE ZONES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0080
BIOTA: MAJOR COMPONENTS IN LAKES - 8_WQ_Manual0081
BIOTA: MAJOR COMPONENTS IN LAKES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0082
BIOTA 2: FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS - 8_WQ_Manual0083
DISTRIBUTION AND TYPOLOGY
PROJECT PURPOSES - 8_WQ_Manual0085
Figure 1.2.10. Distributions of natural lakes and reservoirs
Figure 1.2.11 Distribution of Corps of Engineers projects by type - 8_WQ_Manual0087
RESERVOIR OPERATIONS - 8_WQ_Manual0088
RESERVOIR OPERATIONS (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0089
Figure 1.2.12 Illustration of bottom withdrawal structure, spillway, nd stilling basin (USACE 1987)
Figure 1.2.14 Dual wet well multilevel withdrawal structure (USACE 1987) - 8_WQ_Manual0091
Figure 1.2.15 Schematic of a hydropower facility (USACE 1987) - 8_WQ_Manual0092
HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS AND THE FACTORS CONTROLLING ALGAL GROWTH - 8_WQ_Manual0093
Major Algal Groups - 8_WQ_Manual0094
Major Algal Groups (cont.)
Cyanobacteria: the Blue -Green Algae - 8_WQ_Manual0096
Other Important Differences Between Cyanobacteria and True Algae
Nuisance Growth and Harmful Algal Blooms - Growth and Control - 8_WQ_Manual0098
TRUTH STATEMENT
Ecological Growth Control - 8_WQ_Manual0100
Factors Under Hydro-project Control - 8_WQ_Manual0101
Nutrient Ratios - 8_WQ_Manual0102
Nutrient Limitation - 8_WQ_Manual0103
Future Outlook for HABs - 8_WQ_Manual0104
Specific References - 8_WQ_Manual0105
General References - 8_WQ_Manual0106
Pfiesteria References - 8_WQ_Manual0107
Domoic Acid And Pseudo-Nitzschia References
General and Review References - 8_WQ_Manual0109
General and Review References (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0110
General and Review References (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0111
REFERENCES - 8_WQ_Manual0112
OVERVIEW OF LIMNOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN TAILWATERS - 8_WQ_Manual0113
Figure 1.3.1 Three major types of flow regulation at reservoirs: A) attenuation, B) storage, and C) manipulation - 8_WQ_Manual0114
Figure 1.3.2 Idealized reservoir tailwater depicting morphometric features (e.g. riffles and pools), downstream users, material transport/deposition scenarios, and flow related influences.
Figure 1.3.3 General diagram of laminar and turbulent flow
HYDROLOGY/MATERIAL TRANSPORT - 8_WQ_Manual0117
Figure 1.3.4 Physical model simulation of currents downstream from a hydropower dam - 8_WQ_Manual0118
Figure 1.3.5 Idealized velocity distributions in channels of different slopes - 8_WQ_Manual0119
HYDROLOGY/MATERIAL TRANSPORT (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0120
Figure 1.3.7 Tailwater hydrographs in response to different retention times for a rapid and high flow event and an event of lesser magnitude but longer duration.
Figure 1.3.8 Hydrographs from (A) a hydropower operation (mean daily discharge), (B) a flood control project in New York, and (C) a flood control project in Arizona. - 8_WQ_Manual0122
Figure 1.3.9 Hourly discharge from a peaking, hydropower operation. - 8_WQ_Manual0123
MORPHOLOGY - 8_WQ_Manual0124
THERMAL PATTERNS - 8_WQ_Manual0125
Figure 1.3.11 Temperature and dissolved oxygen concentrations from the releases from Hartwell Dam (a peaking hydropower project on the Georgia and South Carolina border) depicting A) seasonal and annual cycles and B) daily cycles. - 8_WQ_Manual0126
Figure 1.3.12 Effects of selective withdrawal from various depths upon flow patterns, density, and temperature profiles, in homogeneous and stratified lakes. - 8_WQ_Manual0127
Figure 1.3.13 Temperature and dissolved oxygen concentrations in response to peaking hydropower generation in the tailwater of West Point Lake, Georgia and Alabama.
Figure 1.3.14 Change in dissolved oxygen concentrations in the release waters from West Point Dam as a function of travel time (distance) - 8_WQ_Manual0129
CHEMICAL PROCESSES - 8_WQ_Manual0130
CHEMICAL PROCESSES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0131
Figure 1.3.16 Temporal patterns in total iron and manganese concentrations in a reservoir tailwater (East Sidney Lake, NY).
Figure 1.3.17 Temporal patterns in dissolved and particulate iron and manganese concentrations in a reservoirs tailwater
Figure 1.3.18 Spatial trends in total and dissolved iron and manganese concentrations in reservoir tailwaters during high (H) and low (L) flow
Figure 1.3.20 Spatial trends in ammonia and nitrate concentrations in reservoir tailwaters during high (H) and low (L) flow
Figure 1.3.21 Variation of suspended solids with time in the tailwater of Allatoona Lake, GA (note relatively low and constant concentrations) and at the Cartersville water intake (note increased variability more typical of riverine conditions
Figure 1.3.22 Measured and computed dissolved oxygen concentrations demonstrating "sags" in longitudinal concentrations.
BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES - 8_WQ_Manual0138
SUMMARY - 8_WQ_Manual0139
Table 1.3.1 Calculated Mean Velocities (cm sec-1) for Various Slopes and Morphometries
REFERENCES - 8_WQ_Manual0141
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0142
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0143
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0144
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT
WATER QUALITY BIOCRITERIA AND INDICATORS - 8_WQ_Manual0146
WATER QUALITY BIOCRITERIA AND INDICATORS (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0147
Table 2.1 Features Useful for Developing Indicators - 8_WQ_Manual0148
OVERVIEW OF CONTAMINANTS, SPILLS, ETC. - 8_WQ_Manual0149
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBS)
Figure 2.1.1 Summary of major processes and mechanisms in the interactions between dissolved and solid species in surface waters. - 8_WQ_Manual0151
Figure 2.1.2 Dissolution of ferric oxyhydroxide layer and release of coprecipitated metals in an acid, reducing environment - 8_WQ_Manual0152
CHEMICAL SPILLS - 8_WQ_Manual0153
Figure 2.1.3 Zonation of reservoir sediments
SAMPLE DESIGN - 8_WQ_Manual0155
Figure 2.1.4 Hypothetical time scale for selected physical, chemical and biological processes - 8_WQ_Manual0156
Site Location
FATE AND TRANSPORT MODELING FOR CONTAMINANTS
Table 2.1.1 Selected Water Quality Models - 8_WQ_Manual0159
REFERENCES - 8_WQ_Manual0160
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0161
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0162
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0163
ASSESSMENT OF WATERSHED PROCESSES - 8_WQ_Manual0164
Documenting a Cause-and-Effect Relationship - 8_WQ_Manual0165
Elements of Monitoring Needed to Link Land Management Modifications with Water Quality Changes - 8_WQ_Manual0166
Quantitative Monitoring of Land Management. - 8_WQ_Manual0167
Matching of Land Treatment and Water Quality Data on a Spatial (Drainage) Scale
Summary - 8_WQ_Manual0169
REFERENCES - 8_WQ_Manual0170
ASSESSMENT OF RESERVOIR PROCESSES - 8_WQ_Manual0171
LAKE ASSESSMENT, THE FIRST STEP - 8_WQ_Manual0172
The Practical Reality - 8_WQ_Manual0173
The Methods of Assessment - Field Collections - 8_WQ_Manual0174
SAMPLING CONSIDERATIONS - 8_WQ_Manual0175
Temporal Dependence - 8_WQ_Manual0176
Data Management Considerations
FIELD DATA - DATABASE - 8_WQ_Manual0178
Specialized Analyses - 8_WQ_Manual0179
Other Specialized Assessment Methods - 8_WQ_Manual0180
CASE STUDY - RICHARD B. RUSSELL LAKE - 8_WQ_Manual0181
REFERENCES - 8_WQ_Manual0182
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0183
ASSESSMENT OF TAILWATER PROCESSES - 8_WQ_Manual0184
SAMPLING CONSIDERATIONS - 8_WQ_Manual0185
Figure 2.4.1 Decision diagram for implementing a monitoring program with remote monitors.
Figure 2.4.2 Schematic of monitor setup and data transfer to a remote user
REFERENCES - 8_WQ_Manual0188
INTERACTIONS WITH OTHERS
DEFINING MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES - 8_WQ_Manual0190
Table 3.1.1 Clean Water and Watershed Restoration Budget Initiative - 8_WQ_Manual0191
RISK ASSESSMENT - 8_WQ_Manual0192
DISCUSSION - 8_WQ_Manual0193
REFERENCES - 8_WQ_Manual0194
ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES
WATERSHED TECHNIQUES - 8_WQ_Manual0196
TECHNOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONS - 8_WQ_Manual0197
Best Management Practices - 8_WQ_Manual0198
Best Management Practices (cont.)
Infiltration Devices - 8_WQ_Manual0200
Detention Devices
Forestry - 8_WQ_Manual0202
Forestry (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0203
Agriculture
Conservation Tillage - 8_WQ_Manual0205
Terraces - 8_WQ_Manual0206
Irrigation System Furrow Improvements.
Irrigation System Furrow Improvements. (cont.)
Animal Waste Management Systems - 8_WQ_Manual0209
Nutrient Management Systems - 8_WQ_Manual0210
Nutrient Management Systems (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0211
Nutrient Management Systems (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0212
Grassed Waterways - 8_WQ_Manual0213
Filter Strips - 8_WQ_Manual0214
Site Selection - 8_WQ_Manual0215
Installation - 8_WQ_Manual0216
COST OF BMPs
REFERENCES - 8_WQ_Manual0218
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0219
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0220
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0221
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0222
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0223
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0224
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0225
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0226
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0227
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0228
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0229
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0230
Table 4.2.1. Total Nitrogen and Total Phosphorus Concentration in Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent - 8_WQ_Manual0231
Table 4.2.3. Summary of Best Management Practices - 8_WQ_Manual0232
Table 4.2.4. Computed Fractions of Clay, Silt and Aggregates Entering a Grass Filter Strip from a Silt Loam Soil - 8_WQ_Manual0233
Table 4.2.6. Sample Calculations for the Sediment Delivery Ratio - 8_WQ_Manual0234
Table 4.2.7 NRCS Conservation Practices, Pollutants Potentially Controlled, and Sources of Pollutants (Cite)
Table 4.2.7 NRCS Conservation Practices, Pollutants Potentially Controlled, and Sources of Pollutants (Cite) (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0236
Table 4.2.7 NRCS Conservation Practices, Pollutants Potentially Controlled, and Sources of Pollutants (Cite) (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0237
Table 4.2.7 NRCS Conservation Practices, Pollutants Potentially Controlled, and Sources of Pollutants (Cite) (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0238
IN-RESERVOIR TECHNIQUES: SELECTIVE WITHDRAWAL - 8_WQ_Manual0239
Figure 4.3.1 Schematic of withdrawal zone - 8_WQ_Manual0240
Applications of Selective Withdrawal - 8_WQ_Manual0241
Summary - 8_WQ_Manual0242
Table 4.3.1 Summary of Multilevel Selective Withdrawal
Figure 4.3.2 Nutrient reduction through hypolimnetic withdrawal
Review of Applications - 8_WQ_Manual0245
Table 4.3.2 Summary of Hypolimnetic Withdrawal
Figure 4.3.3 Schematic of a submerged dam
SUBMERGED SKIMMING WEIR
Table 4.3.3 Summary of Temperature Control Weirs and Curtains
Figure 4.3.4 Schematic of submerged skimming weir
Applications of Submerged Skimming Weirs - 8_WQ_Manual0251
Table 4.3.4 Summary of Submerged Skimming Weir
References - 8_WQ_Manual0253
References (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0254
References (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0255
IN-RESERVOIR TECHNIQUES - OPERATIONAL TECHNIQUES - 8_WQ_Manual0256
Figure 4.4.1 Example of guide curve modification
Implementation - 8_WQ_Manual0258
Table 4.4.1 Summary of Guide Curve Change
INFLOW ROUTING - 8_WQ_Manual0260
Figure 4.4.2 Routing of undesirable inflows
SUPPLEMENTAL RELEASES FOR WATER QUALITY
Table 4.4.2 Summary of Inflow Routing
Figure 4.4.3 Example of improved dissolved oxygen with supplemental releases - 8_WQ_Manual0264
Implementation - 8_WQ_Manual0265
Table 4.4.3 Summary of Supplemental Releases For Water Quality
Figure 4.4.4. Example of effect of flow concentration through a single gate
Evaluation Methodology - 8_WQ_Manual0268
Table 4.4.4 Summary of Concentration of Flow Through One Gate
Design Criteria - 8_WQ_Manual0270
Figure 4.4.5 Release temperatures from a selective withdrawal tower based upon a "best daily" operation and then a "seasonal" operation - 8_WQ_Manual0271
Implementation - 8_WQ_Manual0272
Summary - 8_WQ_Manual0273
Table 4.4.5 Summary of Release Strategy Optimization
REFERENCES - 8_WQ_Manual0275
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0276
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0277
IN-RESERVOIR TECHNIQUES: AERATORS/OXYGENATION - 8_WQ_Manual0278
Figure 4.5.1 Example hypolimnetic aeration devices - 8_WQ_Manual0279
Figure 4.5.1 Example hypolimnetic aeration devices - 8_WQ_Manual0280
DESIGN METHODOLOGY - 8_WQ_Manual0281
SUMMARY - 8_WQ_Manual0282
Table 4.5.1 Summary of Aeration-Oxygenation Systems
REFERENCES - 8_WQ_Manual0284
IN-RESERVOIR TECHNIQUES: MIXERS
Figure 4.6.1 Destratification induced by bubble column - 8_WQ_Manual0286
Applications of Pneumatic Destratification - 8_WQ_Manual0287
Table 4.6.1 Pneumatic Destratification Installations
Applications of Pneumatic Destratification (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0289
LOCALIZED MIXING - 8_WQ_Manual0290
Table 4.6.2 Summary of Pneumatic Destratification
Figure 4.6.2 Schematic of localized mixing application - 8_WQ_Manual0292
Applications of Localized Mixing - 8_WQ_Manual0293
Summary - 8_WQ_Manual0294
Table 4.6.3 Summary of Localized Mixing
REFERENCES - 8_WQ_Manual0296
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0297
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0298
IN-STRUCTURE TECHNIQUES: TURBINE VENTING, AUTO-VENTING TURBINE TECHNOLOGY, AND FORCED AIR
Figure 4.7.1 Vacuum Breaker Venting System
Figure 4.7.2 Effect of Hub Baffles on Air Flow
Applications - 8_WQ_Manual0302
AUTO-VENTING TURBINE TECHNOLOGY
Table 4.7.1 Summary of Turbine Venting
Figure 4.7.3 Aerating Turbine for Norris Hydro Project
Table 4.7.2 Summary of Auto-Venting Turbine Technology
FORCED AIR - 8_WQ_Manual0307
Table 4.7.3 Summary of Forced Air Turbine Venting
REFERENCES - 8_WQ_Manual0309
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0310
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0311
Table 4.7.4. Aeration Experience in Retrofitting Existing Turbines - 8_WQ_Manual0312
Table 4.7.4. Aeration Experience in Retrofitting Existing Turbines (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0313
TAILWATER TECHNIQUES - 8_WQ_Manual0314
Design Considerations - 8_WQ_Manual0315
Figure 4.8.1 Discharge below Douglas Dam with Turbine Pulsing - 8_WQ_Manual0316
Turbine Pulsing
Mobile Systems
TAILWATER TECHNIQUES: AERATING WEIRS - 8_WQ_Manual0319
Theory - 8_WQ_Manual0320
Figure 4.8.2 Aerating Weir Types - 8_WQ_Manual0321
Design and Construction Considerations - 8_WQ_Manual0322
Table 4.8.1. Prototype Aerating Weirs
REFERENCES - 8_WQ_Manual0324
REFERENCES (cont.) - 8_WQ_Manual0325
Table 4.9.1. Partial List of Water Quality Management Techniques for Reservoirs and Tailwaters
BIOLOGICAL MANIPULATION - 8_WQ_Manual0327
Figure 4.9.1 The aquatic food chain, indicating interactions between the components of the biomanipulation model
REFERENCES - 8_WQ_Manual0329
POST-PROJECT EVALUATION PROCESSES
SHORT AND LONG TERM TRENDS - 8_WQ_Manual0331
8_WQ_Manual
