PURPOSE - 7_StreambankManual0021
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY AND CHANNEL PROCESSES - 7_StreambankManual0022
Figure 2.1 The Fluvial System (after Schumm, 1977)
The System is Dynamic - 7_StreambankManual0024
Thresholds - 7_StreambankManual0025
LANDFORMS - 7_StreambankManual0026
Figure 2.2 Landforms for a Meandering River
Table 2.1 Classification of Valley Sediments
RIVER MECHANICS
Channel Pattern
Figure 2.3 Typical Meandering River
Figure 2.5 Features Associated With (a) Straight and (b) Meandering Rivers
Figure 2.6 Typical Plan and Cross Sectional View of Pools and Crossings
Planform Geometry - 7_StreambankManual0034
Figure 2.7 Typical Middle Bar
Figure 2.9 Definition Sketch for Channel Geometry
RELATIONSHIPS IN RIVERS - 7_StreambankManual0037
Figure 2.10 Lane's (1957) Relationship Between Channel Patterns, Channel Gradient, and Mean Discharge
RELATIONSHIPS IN RIVERS (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0039
CHANNEL CLASSIFICATION - 7_StreambankManual0040
CHANNEL CLASSIFICATION (cont.)
Table 2.2 Classification of Alluvial Channels
Figure 2.12 Channel Classification Based on Pattern and Type of Sediment Load
Table 2.3 Summary of Delineative Criteria for Broad-level Classification
CHANNEL STABILITY CONCEPTS - 7_StreambankManual0045
Figure 2.13 Channel Classification Combining Aspects of Schumm
THE STABLE CHANNEL
Figure 2.14 Lane's Balance
Causes of System Instability - 7_StreambankManual0049
Figure 2.15 Consequences of System Instability
Figure 2.15 (cont.) Consequences of System Instability
Downstream Factors
Figure 2.16 Channelized Stream and Abandoned Old Channel
Figure 2.18 Knickzone in a Degrading Channel
Upstream Factors - 7_StreambankManual0055
Basin Wide Factors - 7_StreambankManual0056
Complexities and Multiple Factors
LOCAL INSTABILITY - 7_StreambankManual0058
Streambank Erosion and Failure Processes - 7_StreambankManual0059
Figure 2.19 Erosion Generated by Parallel Flow
Figure 2.21 Erosion Generated by Piping
Figure 2.23 Sheet Erosion with Rilling and Gullying
Figure 2.25 Erosion Generated by Vessel Forces
Streambank Erosion and Failure Processes (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0064
Streambank Erosion and Failure Processes (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0065
Figure 2.26 Soil Fall
Figure 2.28 Slab Failure
Figure 2.30 Pop-out Failure
Figure 2.32 Dry Granular Flow
Figure 2.34 Cattle Trampling
Streambank Erosion and Failure Processes (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0071
Streambank Erosion and Failure Processes (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0072
GEOMORPHIC ASSESSMENT OF CHANNEL SYSTEMS
DATA ASSEMBLY
FIELD INVESTIGATION - 7_StreambankManual0076
Field Equipment for Stream Reconnaissance
Measuring Tape with Survey Pins and Flagging Tape
Geological Hammer and Rock Identification Charts
8mm Video Camera
What to Look For in the Field
Channel Geometry
Figure 3.1 The Formation of Berms Can Indicate a Tendency for the Channel to Re-establish Stability Following a Period of Morphological Change
Vegetation
CHANNEL STABILITY ASSESSMENT
Figure 3.3 Specific Gage Plot for Red River at Index, Arkansas
Comparative Surveys and Mapping
Figure 3.4 Comparative Thalweg Profiles
Empirical Methods for Stable Channel Design
Summary of Empirical Channel Design Methods
Integration of Results
GENERAL APPROACH TO BANK STABILIZATION
CONSIDERATION OF AVAILABLE ALTERNATIVES
RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT
Reservoirs - 7_StreambankManual0095
BED STABILIZATION
RELOCATION OF ENDANGERED FACILITY OR STREAM CHANNEL
NON-STRUCTURAL SOLUTIONS
LEGAL AND REGULATORY MATTERS
BROAD ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
Opportunities and Hazards
ECONOMIC CONSTRAINTS
SELECTION OF SITE-SPECIFIC STABILIZATION TECHNIQUES
EFFECTIVENESS OF ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES
Required Project Lifespan
Maintenance Requirements and Capability
Debris Loads
Corrosion and Abrasion
Other Hazards
Other Hazards (cont.)
ADJUSTMENT TO BED SCOUR AND/OR BANK SUBSIDENCE
FORESHORE LIMITATIONS
IMPACT ON FLOWLINES
Low Flows
IMPACT ON EROSION UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS - 7_StreambankManual0117
Aquatic Wildlife Habitat
Aquatic Wildlife Habitat (cont.)
Terrestrial Wildlife Habitat
ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVES
Preserve or Improve Wildlife Habitat
Preserve or Improve Wildlife Habitat (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0123
Preserve or Improve Wildlife Habitat (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0124
Avoid Disturbance of Endangered Fish and Wildlife
Preserve Natural Aesthetics
Preserve Cultural Resources
COST OF ALTERNATIVE TECHNIQUES
AVAILABLE RESOURCES
Labor, Materials
FEASIBILITY OF INCREMENTAL CONSTRUCTION
Horizontal Increments
APPLICATION
Table 5.1 General Matrix for Selection of Erosion Protection Method
Table 5.2 Example of Very Simple Environmental Sub-matrix
APPLICATION (cont.)
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EROSION PROTECTION
UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM LIMITS OF WORK
Prediction of Channel Migration
Figure 6.1 Classic Planforms for Straight and Sinuous Channels
Figure 6.2 Effects of Varying Bed and Bank Materials on Planform Characteristics
Minimum Length of Protection
Figure 6.3 Upstream and Downstream Limits of Bank Protection for a Sinuous and Straight Channel
Other Considerations - 7_StreambankManual0145
Special Considerations for Braided Streams
CHANNEL ALIGNMENT
Possible Exceptions
HYDRAULICS
TRACTIVE FORCE AND PERMISSIBLE VELOCITY
VARIATIONS IN RIVER STAGE
Figure 6.4 Top Elevation of Protection
Stage Duration
Type of Protection and Slope of the Bank
WAVE, VESSEL, AND ICE FORCES
TOE PROTECTION
SPECIFIC GUIDANCE FOR VARIOUS TECHNIQUES
Dikes - 7_StreambankManual0158
Retards - 7_StreambankManual0159
Vegetative Bank Protection
SURFACE DRAINAGE
MANUFACTURERS' RECOMMENDATIONS
Figure 6.5 Construction of Berm or Levee to Control Overbank Drainage
SAFETY FACTOR
SAFETY FACTOR (cont.)
SURFACE ARMOR FOR EROSION PROTECTION
STONE ARMOR - 7_StreambankManual0167
RIPRAP BLANKET
Figure 7.1 Typical Cross Section of a Trenchfill Revetment
Typical Application
Design Considerations - 7_StreambankManual0171
WINDROW
Figure 7.3 Schematic Diagram of Windrow Revetment
Figure 7.4 Conventional Windrow Placed on Top Bank
Figure 7.6 Launched Windrow Rock
Typical Applications - 7_StreambankManual0176
LONGITUDINAL STONE TOE
Typical Applications - 7_StreambankManual0178
Figure 7.7 Typical Longitudinal Peaked Stone Toe Protection
Figure 7.8 Typical Longitudinal Peaked Stone Toe Protection With Tiebacks
OTHER SELF-ADJUSTING ARMOR
Figure 7.9 Longitudinal Peaked Stone Toe Protection In Combination With Willow Post Upper Bank Protection
Figure 7.10 Longitudinal Stone Fill Toe Protection Placed Adjacent to Bank With Tiebacks
CONCRETE BLOCKS - 7_StreambankManual0184
Typical Applications - 7_StreambankManual0185
Design Considerations - 7_StreambankManual0186
SOIL-CEMENT BLOCKS
Figure 7.12 Typical Sack Revetment
Advantages, Disadvantages
RUBBLE FROM DEMOLITION
SLAG FROM STEEL FURNACES
AUTOMOBILE BODIES
RIGID ARMOR - 7_StreambankManual0193
ASPHALT
GROUTED ARMOR
Figure 7.13 Typical Soil Cement Application
CHEMICAL SOIL STABILIZATION
FLEXIBLE MATTRESSES
CONCRETE BLOCK MATTRESS
FABRIC MATTRESS
GABION MATTRESS
Design Considerations - 7_StreambankManual0202
GRID CONFINEMENT
USED-TIRE MATTRESS
WOODEN MATTRESS
Design Considerations - 7_StreambankManual0206
Design Considerations (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0207
INDIRECT TECHNIQUES FOR EROSION PROTECTION
DIKES AND RETARDS - 7_StreambankManual0209
DIKES AND RETARDS (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0210
DIKES AND RETARDS (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0211
DIKES - 7_StreambankManual0212
Typical Applications - 7_StreambankManual0213
Design Considerations - 7_StreambankManual0214
Design Considerations (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0215
Design Considerations (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0216
Design Considerations (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0217
Design Considerations (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0218
Design Considerations (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0219
Design Considerations (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0220
Design Considerations (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0221
PERMEABLE DIKES
PERMEABLE DIKES (cont.)
IMPERMEABLE DIKES
Figure 8.1 Typical Permeable Dikes
IMPERMEABLE DIKES Design Considerations
Figure 8.2 Typical Impermeable Dikes
RETARDS - 7_StreambankManual0228
RETARDS (cont.)
PERMEABLE RETARDS
Figure 8.3 Typical Permeable Retards
IMPERMEABLE RETARDS
IOWA VANES
BENDWAY WEIRS
Figure 8.4 Bendway Weirs on Small Streams
VEGETATIVE METHODS FOR EROSION PROTECTION
ADVANTAGES
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS - 7_StreambankManual0238
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS (cont.)
CONSTRUCTION OF STABILIZATION WORKS
COORDINATION OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
SPECIFICATIONS AND BID ITEMS
RESTRICTIONS IMPOSED BY RIVER CONDITIONS
PRECONSTRUCTION VERIFICATION OF DESIGN
SPECIFICATIONS FOR COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS - 7_StreambankManual0246
SPECIALIZED CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION (cont.)
SUBAQUEOUS PLACEMENT OF STONE OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
PROCEDURES FOR PROPRIETARY PRODUCTS
SITE PREPARATION AND RESTORATION
MONITORING AND MAINTENANCE OF STABILIZATION WORKS
CONCEPTS
PRIMARY ELEMENTS
Site Surveys
Hydraulic Data
FREQUENCY OF MONITORING
POINTS REQUIRING SPECIAL ATTENTION
LEVELS OF MONITORING EFFORTS
DETERMINATION OF NEED
DETERMINATION OF METHOD OF REPAIR
DETERMINATION OF METHOD OF REPAIR (cont.)
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS - 7_StreambankManual0265
GRADE STABILIZATION
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR SITING GRADE CONTROL STRUCTURES
Figure 12.1 Spacing of Grade Control Structure (adapted from Mussetter, 1982)
GEOTECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS - 7_StreambankManual0270
EXISTING STRUCTURES
LOCAL SITE CONDITIONS
DOWNSTREAM CHANNEL RESPONSE - 7_StreambankManual0273
EFFECTS ON TRIBUTARIES
SIMPLE BED CONTROL STRUCTURES
Figure 12.3 Channel Stabilization with Rock Sills
Figure 12.4a As Built Riprap Grade Control Structure with Sufficient Launch Stone to Handle Anticipated Scour
Figures 12.5a As Built Riprap Grade Control Structure with Impervious Fill Cutoff Wall
Figures 12.6a As Built Riprap Grade Control Structure with Sheet Pile Cutoff Wall
Figure 12.7 Sloping Drop Grade Control Structure with Pre-formed Riprap Lined Scour Hole
STRUCTURES WITH PRE-FORMED SCOUR HOLES
Figure 12.8 Bed Stabilizer Design with Sheet Pile Cutoff
Figure 12.9 ARS-Type Grade Control Structure with Pre-formed Riprap Lined Stilling Basin and Baffle Plate
Figure 12.10 Schematic of Modified ARS-Type Grade Control Structure
CONCRETE DROP STRUCTURES - 7_StreambankManual0285
Figure 12.11 CIT-Type Drop Structure
Figure 12.12 St. Anthony Falls (SAF) Type Drop Structure
Figure 12.13 Riprap Lined Drop Structures (adapted from Tate, 1991)
CLOSING - 7_StreambankManual0290
CLOSING (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0291
REFERENCES - 7_StreambankManual0292
REFERENCES (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0293
REFERENCES (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0294
REFERENCES (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0295
REFERENCES (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0296
REFERENCES (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0297
REFERENCES (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0298
REFERENCES (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0299
REFERENCES (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0300
REFERENCES (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0301
REFERENCES (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0302
REFERENCES (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0303
REFERENCES (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0304
REFERENCES (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0305
APPENDIX A. DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR RIPRAP ARMOR
INTRODUCTION - 7_StreambankManual0308
CURRENT RESEARCH
RELATION BETWEEN STONE SIZE AND WEIGHT
GRADATION
Figure A.1 Riprap Gradation Curves
Table A.1. Gradations for Riprap Placement in the Dry, Low-Turbulence Zones
LAYER THICKNESS
CHANNEL CHARACTERISTICS
DESIGN GUIDANCE FOR STONE SIZE
STONE SIZE
Figure A.2a Riprap Design Velocities
Figure A.2b Riprap Design Velocities
Figure A.3 Vss/Vavg for Straight Channels Sufficiently Far From (>5w-10w) Upstream Bends
Figure A.5 Velocity Distribution in Trapezoidal Channel
Figure A.6 Side Slope Velocity Distribution
STONE SIZE (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0324
STONE SIZE (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0325
STONE SIZE (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0326
Figure A.7 Correction for Side Slope Angle
Figure A.8 Correction for Vertical Velocity Distribution
Example 1
Table A.2 Uniform Flow Computations
Table A.3 Velocity Estimation and Riprap Size
REVETMENT TOP AND END PROTECTION
Figure A.9 Riprap End Protection
REVETMENT TOE SCOUR ESTIMATION AND PROTECTION
Figure A.10 Revetment Toe Protection
REVETMENT TOE PROTECTION
Table A.4 Increase in Stone Volume for Riprap Launching Sections
QUALITY CONTROL
REFERENCES - 7_StreambankManual0339
REFERENCES (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0340
APPENDIX B. BIOENGINEERING FOR STREAMBANK EROSION CONTROL
Introduction - 7_StreambankManual0344
Purpose - 7_StreambankManual0345
Assets of Using Planted Vegetation
Bioengineering Design Model
Figure 1. Steps of Planning and Implementing a Bioengineering Project
Questions to be Developed and Answered
Questions to be Developed and Answered (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0350
Table 1. Recurrence interval by discharge and duration on upper Missouri River
Questions to be Developed and Answered (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0352
Plan of Development
Equipment and Materials
Implementation - 7_StreambankManual0355
Hard Structures and Bioengineering
Figure 3. Timber cribs serving as deflection structures on the upper Missouri River to direct current away from the bank where there are bioengineering treatments
Figure 4. Rock refusal used on an upper Missouri River bioengineering project
Figure 5. Bank zones defined on constructed slopes
Figure 6. Possible species to plant by zone on the Missouri River
Bioengineering by Zones
Bioengineering by Zones (cont.)
Bioengineering Treatments
Bioengineering Treatments (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0364
Figure 7. Schematics of bioengineering treatment used with a weighted rock toe with vegetation in the form of a brush mattress (to be discussed later) used above it.
Figure 8. Photo of weighted rock toe revetment extending up the bank. It extends about 1/3 the distance up the bank.
Figure 10. Vegetation in the form of dormant willow posts (discussed later) was placed landward of the rock and haybale toe
Figure 12. System of bioengineering treatments such as geotextile coir mats with planted vegetation on them placed above a rock roll toe and between large rock transverse dikes
Figure 13. Schematic of gabions used with woody plants to form a hard structure to prevent undercutting and flanking. Can be used in the toe zone or installed higher in the splash and bank zones
Figure 14. Two schematics (two different versions) of a LUNKERS structure designed to provide overhanging shade and protection for fish while serving to stabilize the toe of a streambank
Bioengineering Treatments (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0372
Figure 15. Bank crib with cover log used to protect unstable streambanks while concurrently providing excellent overhead cover for fish
Figure 17. Schematic of root wad construction
Figure 18. Installed log revetment with coir geotextile roll combination, Roaring Fork River, Colorado
Figure 19. Schematic of log revetment with coir geotextile roll and plantings on top of backfill soil over a geotextile filter
Bioengineering Treatments (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0377
Figure 21. Schematic of a coir geotextile roll and rocks
Figure 23. Coir geotextile rolls are used to stabilize streambanks and permit planting of wetland vegetation within them
Figure 24a. Coir geotextile roll being installed along a streambank in Germany
Figure 24c. Coir roll a few months later
Bioengineering Treatments (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0382
Figure 25a. Emergent aquatic plants in WES greenhouse nursery that were seeded on coir fiber mat
Figure 25c. Coir geotextile mat in a roll planted with emergent aquatic plants being carried to the planting site
Bioengineering Treatments (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0385
Figure 26. Schematics of brushmattress and wattling combination
Figure 27a. Laying down the brush (basal end first) into a previously dug trench marked by row of wedge-shaped stakes
Figure 27c. Stretching the woven wire tight and securing by wedge-shaped stakes
Figure 28. Schematic diagram of brush layering
Vegetative geogrid
Figure 30. Brush layering with willow and dogwood branches after one growing season
Dormant Post Method
Figure 32. Vegetative geogrid during construction on the Upper Truckee River, California, near South Lake Tahoe
Dormant Post Method (cont.)
Figure 34. Dormant willow posts, coir geotextile roll, and cedar trees being installed at Court Creek, Illinois, April 1993
Figure 36. Use of "The Stinger" to create pilot holes for dormant willow posts on the upper Missouri River
There are constraints in using willow posts and several questions to be addressed in the process of planning if this method is considered
Dormant Cuttings
Figure 37a. 8 inch live cuttings of streamco and bankers willow used to stabilize Irish Creek
Figure 37c. Reach of Irish Creek stabilized with cuttings of willow
Figure 38. Burlap and coir woven fabric laid over sedge and grass seed, Upper Truckee River, California
Contour Wattling
Figure 39a. Schematic of wattling bundle with preparation specifications
Figure 39c. Wattling (fascine) bundle being installed in the bank zone
Figure 40. Schematic illustration of live fascine bundles with coir rope mesh fabric and long straw installed between the bundles
Figure 41. Brush layering with coir woven fabric and long straw under fabric
Terrace Zone
Figure 42. Hydroseeding and mulching operation from a barge
Velocities for Design Purposes - 7_StreambankManual0409
Table 2. Local flow velocities sustained by and recorded for various bioengineering treatments monitored by this project.
Velocities for Design Purposes - 7_StreambankManual0411
Plant Acquisition And Handling
Purchasing Plants
Advantages of Purchasing Plants
Advantages of Collecting Plants from the Wild
Growing Plants
Handling of Plant Materials
Herbaceous Plants
Monitoring and Aftercare
Direct Documentation of Erosion Protection
Figure 44. Aerial monitoring of bioengineering treatment
Indirect Documentation of Erosion Protection
Costs of Bioengineering
Table 3. Comparisons of actual costs of bioengineering treatments with estimated costs of traditional erosion control (riprapped revetment) under similar conditions in same area
Man-hour Costs of Bioengineering Treatments
Table 4. Man-hour costs of installing wattling and willow cuttings at Lake Tahoe in 1973
Man-hour Costs of Standard Vegetation Establishment Techniques to Supplement Bioengineering Treatments
Sprigs, Rootstocks or Plugs, Rhizomes, and Tubers
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS (cont.)
References - 7_StreambankManual0431
References (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0432
References (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0433
References (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0434
References (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0435
References (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0436
7_StreambankManual
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY AND CHANNEL PROCESSES - 7_StreambankManual0022
Figure 2.1 The Fluvial System (after Schumm, 1977)
The System is Dynamic - 7_StreambankManual0024
Thresholds - 7_StreambankManual0025
LANDFORMS - 7_StreambankManual0026
Figure 2.2 Landforms for a Meandering River
Table 2.1 Classification of Valley Sediments
RIVER MECHANICS
Channel Pattern
Figure 2.3 Typical Meandering River
Figure 2.5 Features Associated With (a) Straight and (b) Meandering Rivers
Figure 2.6 Typical Plan and Cross Sectional View of Pools and Crossings
Planform Geometry - 7_StreambankManual0034
Figure 2.7 Typical Middle Bar
Figure 2.9 Definition Sketch for Channel Geometry
RELATIONSHIPS IN RIVERS - 7_StreambankManual0037
Figure 2.10 Lane's (1957) Relationship Between Channel Patterns, Channel Gradient, and Mean Discharge
RELATIONSHIPS IN RIVERS (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0039
CHANNEL CLASSIFICATION - 7_StreambankManual0040
CHANNEL CLASSIFICATION (cont.)
Table 2.2 Classification of Alluvial Channels
Figure 2.12 Channel Classification Based on Pattern and Type of Sediment Load
Table 2.3 Summary of Delineative Criteria for Broad-level Classification
CHANNEL STABILITY CONCEPTS - 7_StreambankManual0045
Figure 2.13 Channel Classification Combining Aspects of Schumm
THE STABLE CHANNEL
Figure 2.14 Lane's Balance
Causes of System Instability - 7_StreambankManual0049
Figure 2.15 Consequences of System Instability
Figure 2.15 (cont.) Consequences of System Instability
Downstream Factors
Figure 2.16 Channelized Stream and Abandoned Old Channel
Figure 2.18 Knickzone in a Degrading Channel
Upstream Factors - 7_StreambankManual0055
Basin Wide Factors - 7_StreambankManual0056
Complexities and Multiple Factors
LOCAL INSTABILITY - 7_StreambankManual0058
Streambank Erosion and Failure Processes - 7_StreambankManual0059
Figure 2.19 Erosion Generated by Parallel Flow
Figure 2.21 Erosion Generated by Piping
Figure 2.23 Sheet Erosion with Rilling and Gullying
Figure 2.25 Erosion Generated by Vessel Forces
Streambank Erosion and Failure Processes (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0064
Streambank Erosion and Failure Processes (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0065
Figure 2.26 Soil Fall
Figure 2.28 Slab Failure
Figure 2.30 Pop-out Failure
Figure 2.32 Dry Granular Flow
Figure 2.34 Cattle Trampling
Streambank Erosion and Failure Processes (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0071
Streambank Erosion and Failure Processes (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0072
GEOMORPHIC ASSESSMENT OF CHANNEL SYSTEMS
DATA ASSEMBLY
FIELD INVESTIGATION - 7_StreambankManual0076
Field Equipment for Stream Reconnaissance
Measuring Tape with Survey Pins and Flagging Tape
Geological Hammer and Rock Identification Charts
8mm Video Camera
What to Look For in the Field
Channel Geometry
Figure 3.1 The Formation of Berms Can Indicate a Tendency for the Channel to Re-establish Stability Following a Period of Morphological Change
Vegetation
CHANNEL STABILITY ASSESSMENT
Figure 3.3 Specific Gage Plot for Red River at Index, Arkansas
Comparative Surveys and Mapping
Figure 3.4 Comparative Thalweg Profiles
Empirical Methods for Stable Channel Design
Summary of Empirical Channel Design Methods
Integration of Results
GENERAL APPROACH TO BANK STABILIZATION
CONSIDERATION OF AVAILABLE ALTERNATIVES
RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT
Reservoirs - 7_StreambankManual0095
BED STABILIZATION
RELOCATION OF ENDANGERED FACILITY OR STREAM CHANNEL
NON-STRUCTURAL SOLUTIONS
LEGAL AND REGULATORY MATTERS
BROAD ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
Opportunities and Hazards
ECONOMIC CONSTRAINTS
SELECTION OF SITE-SPECIFIC STABILIZATION TECHNIQUES
EFFECTIVENESS OF ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES
Required Project Lifespan
Maintenance Requirements and Capability
Debris Loads
Corrosion and Abrasion
Other Hazards
Other Hazards (cont.)
ADJUSTMENT TO BED SCOUR AND/OR BANK SUBSIDENCE
FORESHORE LIMITATIONS
IMPACT ON FLOWLINES
Low Flows
IMPACT ON EROSION UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS - 7_StreambankManual0117
Aquatic Wildlife Habitat
Aquatic Wildlife Habitat (cont.)
Terrestrial Wildlife Habitat
ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVES
Preserve or Improve Wildlife Habitat
Preserve or Improve Wildlife Habitat (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0123
Preserve or Improve Wildlife Habitat (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0124
Avoid Disturbance of Endangered Fish and Wildlife
Preserve Natural Aesthetics
Preserve Cultural Resources
COST OF ALTERNATIVE TECHNIQUES
AVAILABLE RESOURCES
Labor, Materials
FEASIBILITY OF INCREMENTAL CONSTRUCTION
Horizontal Increments
APPLICATION
Table 5.1 General Matrix for Selection of Erosion Protection Method
Table 5.2 Example of Very Simple Environmental Sub-matrix
APPLICATION (cont.)
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EROSION PROTECTION
UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM LIMITS OF WORK
Prediction of Channel Migration
Figure 6.1 Classic Planforms for Straight and Sinuous Channels
Figure 6.2 Effects of Varying Bed and Bank Materials on Planform Characteristics
Minimum Length of Protection
Figure 6.3 Upstream and Downstream Limits of Bank Protection for a Sinuous and Straight Channel
Other Considerations - 7_StreambankManual0145
Special Considerations for Braided Streams
CHANNEL ALIGNMENT
Possible Exceptions
HYDRAULICS
TRACTIVE FORCE AND PERMISSIBLE VELOCITY
VARIATIONS IN RIVER STAGE
Figure 6.4 Top Elevation of Protection
Stage Duration
Type of Protection and Slope of the Bank
WAVE, VESSEL, AND ICE FORCES
TOE PROTECTION
SPECIFIC GUIDANCE FOR VARIOUS TECHNIQUES
Dikes - 7_StreambankManual0158
Retards - 7_StreambankManual0159
Vegetative Bank Protection
SURFACE DRAINAGE
MANUFACTURERS' RECOMMENDATIONS
Figure 6.5 Construction of Berm or Levee to Control Overbank Drainage
SAFETY FACTOR
SAFETY FACTOR (cont.)
SURFACE ARMOR FOR EROSION PROTECTION
STONE ARMOR - 7_StreambankManual0167
RIPRAP BLANKET
Figure 7.1 Typical Cross Section of a Trenchfill Revetment
Typical Application
Design Considerations - 7_StreambankManual0171
WINDROW
Figure 7.3 Schematic Diagram of Windrow Revetment
Figure 7.4 Conventional Windrow Placed on Top Bank
Figure 7.6 Launched Windrow Rock
Typical Applications - 7_StreambankManual0176
LONGITUDINAL STONE TOE
Typical Applications - 7_StreambankManual0178
Figure 7.7 Typical Longitudinal Peaked Stone Toe Protection
Figure 7.8 Typical Longitudinal Peaked Stone Toe Protection With Tiebacks
OTHER SELF-ADJUSTING ARMOR
Figure 7.9 Longitudinal Peaked Stone Toe Protection In Combination With Willow Post Upper Bank Protection
Figure 7.10 Longitudinal Stone Fill Toe Protection Placed Adjacent to Bank With Tiebacks
CONCRETE BLOCKS - 7_StreambankManual0184
Typical Applications - 7_StreambankManual0185
Design Considerations - 7_StreambankManual0186
SOIL-CEMENT BLOCKS
Figure 7.12 Typical Sack Revetment
Advantages, Disadvantages
RUBBLE FROM DEMOLITION
SLAG FROM STEEL FURNACES
AUTOMOBILE BODIES
RIGID ARMOR - 7_StreambankManual0193
ASPHALT
GROUTED ARMOR
Figure 7.13 Typical Soil Cement Application
CHEMICAL SOIL STABILIZATION
FLEXIBLE MATTRESSES
CONCRETE BLOCK MATTRESS
FABRIC MATTRESS
GABION MATTRESS
Design Considerations - 7_StreambankManual0202
GRID CONFINEMENT
USED-TIRE MATTRESS
WOODEN MATTRESS
Design Considerations - 7_StreambankManual0206
Design Considerations (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0207
INDIRECT TECHNIQUES FOR EROSION PROTECTION
DIKES AND RETARDS - 7_StreambankManual0209
DIKES AND RETARDS (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0210
DIKES AND RETARDS (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0211
DIKES - 7_StreambankManual0212
Typical Applications - 7_StreambankManual0213
Design Considerations - 7_StreambankManual0214
Design Considerations (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0215
Design Considerations (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0216
Design Considerations (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0217
Design Considerations (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0218
Design Considerations (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0219
Design Considerations (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0220
Design Considerations (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0221
PERMEABLE DIKES
PERMEABLE DIKES (cont.)
IMPERMEABLE DIKES
Figure 8.1 Typical Permeable Dikes
IMPERMEABLE DIKES Design Considerations
Figure 8.2 Typical Impermeable Dikes
RETARDS - 7_StreambankManual0228
RETARDS (cont.)
PERMEABLE RETARDS
Figure 8.3 Typical Permeable Retards
IMPERMEABLE RETARDS
IOWA VANES
BENDWAY WEIRS
Figure 8.4 Bendway Weirs on Small Streams
VEGETATIVE METHODS FOR EROSION PROTECTION
ADVANTAGES
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS - 7_StreambankManual0238
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS (cont.)
CONSTRUCTION OF STABILIZATION WORKS
COORDINATION OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
SPECIFICATIONS AND BID ITEMS
RESTRICTIONS IMPOSED BY RIVER CONDITIONS
PRECONSTRUCTION VERIFICATION OF DESIGN
SPECIFICATIONS FOR COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS - 7_StreambankManual0246
SPECIALIZED CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION (cont.)
SUBAQUEOUS PLACEMENT OF STONE OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
PROCEDURES FOR PROPRIETARY PRODUCTS
SITE PREPARATION AND RESTORATION
MONITORING AND MAINTENANCE OF STABILIZATION WORKS
CONCEPTS
PRIMARY ELEMENTS
Site Surveys
Hydraulic Data
FREQUENCY OF MONITORING
POINTS REQUIRING SPECIAL ATTENTION
LEVELS OF MONITORING EFFORTS
DETERMINATION OF NEED
DETERMINATION OF METHOD OF REPAIR
DETERMINATION OF METHOD OF REPAIR (cont.)
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS - 7_StreambankManual0265
GRADE STABILIZATION
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR SITING GRADE CONTROL STRUCTURES
Figure 12.1 Spacing of Grade Control Structure (adapted from Mussetter, 1982)
GEOTECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS - 7_StreambankManual0270
EXISTING STRUCTURES
LOCAL SITE CONDITIONS
DOWNSTREAM CHANNEL RESPONSE - 7_StreambankManual0273
EFFECTS ON TRIBUTARIES
SIMPLE BED CONTROL STRUCTURES
Figure 12.3 Channel Stabilization with Rock Sills
Figure 12.4a As Built Riprap Grade Control Structure with Sufficient Launch Stone to Handle Anticipated Scour
Figures 12.5a As Built Riprap Grade Control Structure with Impervious Fill Cutoff Wall
Figures 12.6a As Built Riprap Grade Control Structure with Sheet Pile Cutoff Wall
Figure 12.7 Sloping Drop Grade Control Structure with Pre-formed Riprap Lined Scour Hole
STRUCTURES WITH PRE-FORMED SCOUR HOLES
Figure 12.8 Bed Stabilizer Design with Sheet Pile Cutoff
Figure 12.9 ARS-Type Grade Control Structure with Pre-formed Riprap Lined Stilling Basin and Baffle Plate
Figure 12.10 Schematic of Modified ARS-Type Grade Control Structure
CONCRETE DROP STRUCTURES - 7_StreambankManual0285
Figure 12.11 CIT-Type Drop Structure
Figure 12.12 St. Anthony Falls (SAF) Type Drop Structure
Figure 12.13 Riprap Lined Drop Structures (adapted from Tate, 1991)
CLOSING - 7_StreambankManual0290
CLOSING (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0291
REFERENCES - 7_StreambankManual0292
REFERENCES (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0293
REFERENCES (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0294
REFERENCES (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0295
REFERENCES (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0296
REFERENCES (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0297
REFERENCES (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0298
REFERENCES (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0299
REFERENCES (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0300
REFERENCES (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0301
REFERENCES (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0302
REFERENCES (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0303
REFERENCES (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0304
REFERENCES (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0305
APPENDIX A. DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR RIPRAP ARMOR
INTRODUCTION - 7_StreambankManual0308
CURRENT RESEARCH
RELATION BETWEEN STONE SIZE AND WEIGHT
GRADATION
Figure A.1 Riprap Gradation Curves
Table A.1. Gradations for Riprap Placement in the Dry, Low-Turbulence Zones
LAYER THICKNESS
CHANNEL CHARACTERISTICS
DESIGN GUIDANCE FOR STONE SIZE
STONE SIZE
Figure A.2a Riprap Design Velocities
Figure A.2b Riprap Design Velocities
Figure A.3 Vss/Vavg for Straight Channels Sufficiently Far From (>5w-10w) Upstream Bends
Figure A.5 Velocity Distribution in Trapezoidal Channel
Figure A.6 Side Slope Velocity Distribution
STONE SIZE (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0324
STONE SIZE (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0325
STONE SIZE (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0326
Figure A.7 Correction for Side Slope Angle
Figure A.8 Correction for Vertical Velocity Distribution
Example 1
Table A.2 Uniform Flow Computations
Table A.3 Velocity Estimation and Riprap Size
REVETMENT TOP AND END PROTECTION
Figure A.9 Riprap End Protection
REVETMENT TOE SCOUR ESTIMATION AND PROTECTION
Figure A.10 Revetment Toe Protection
REVETMENT TOE PROTECTION
Table A.4 Increase in Stone Volume for Riprap Launching Sections
QUALITY CONTROL
REFERENCES - 7_StreambankManual0339
REFERENCES (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0340
APPENDIX B. BIOENGINEERING FOR STREAMBANK EROSION CONTROL
Introduction - 7_StreambankManual0344
Purpose - 7_StreambankManual0345
Assets of Using Planted Vegetation
Bioengineering Design Model
Figure 1. Steps of Planning and Implementing a Bioengineering Project
Questions to be Developed and Answered
Questions to be Developed and Answered (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0350
Table 1. Recurrence interval by discharge and duration on upper Missouri River
Questions to be Developed and Answered (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0352
Plan of Development
Equipment and Materials
Implementation - 7_StreambankManual0355
Hard Structures and Bioengineering
Figure 3. Timber cribs serving as deflection structures on the upper Missouri River to direct current away from the bank where there are bioengineering treatments
Figure 4. Rock refusal used on an upper Missouri River bioengineering project
Figure 5. Bank zones defined on constructed slopes
Figure 6. Possible species to plant by zone on the Missouri River
Bioengineering by Zones
Bioengineering by Zones (cont.)
Bioengineering Treatments
Bioengineering Treatments (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0364
Figure 7. Schematics of bioengineering treatment used with a weighted rock toe with vegetation in the form of a brush mattress (to be discussed later) used above it.
Figure 8. Photo of weighted rock toe revetment extending up the bank. It extends about 1/3 the distance up the bank.
Figure 10. Vegetation in the form of dormant willow posts (discussed later) was placed landward of the rock and haybale toe
Figure 12. System of bioengineering treatments such as geotextile coir mats with planted vegetation on them placed above a rock roll toe and between large rock transverse dikes
Figure 13. Schematic of gabions used with woody plants to form a hard structure to prevent undercutting and flanking. Can be used in the toe zone or installed higher in the splash and bank zones
Figure 14. Two schematics (two different versions) of a LUNKERS structure designed to provide overhanging shade and protection for fish while serving to stabilize the toe of a streambank
Bioengineering Treatments (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0372
Figure 15. Bank crib with cover log used to protect unstable streambanks while concurrently providing excellent overhead cover for fish
Figure 17. Schematic of root wad construction
Figure 18. Installed log revetment with coir geotextile roll combination, Roaring Fork River, Colorado
Figure 19. Schematic of log revetment with coir geotextile roll and plantings on top of backfill soil over a geotextile filter
Bioengineering Treatments (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0377
Figure 21. Schematic of a coir geotextile roll and rocks
Figure 23. Coir geotextile rolls are used to stabilize streambanks and permit planting of wetland vegetation within them
Figure 24a. Coir geotextile roll being installed along a streambank in Germany
Figure 24c. Coir roll a few months later
Bioengineering Treatments (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0382
Figure 25a. Emergent aquatic plants in WES greenhouse nursery that were seeded on coir fiber mat
Figure 25c. Coir geotextile mat in a roll planted with emergent aquatic plants being carried to the planting site
Bioengineering Treatments (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0385
Figure 26. Schematics of brushmattress and wattling combination
Figure 27a. Laying down the brush (basal end first) into a previously dug trench marked by row of wedge-shaped stakes
Figure 27c. Stretching the woven wire tight and securing by wedge-shaped stakes
Figure 28. Schematic diagram of brush layering
Vegetative geogrid
Figure 30. Brush layering with willow and dogwood branches after one growing season
Dormant Post Method
Figure 32. Vegetative geogrid during construction on the Upper Truckee River, California, near South Lake Tahoe
Dormant Post Method (cont.)
Figure 34. Dormant willow posts, coir geotextile roll, and cedar trees being installed at Court Creek, Illinois, April 1993
Figure 36. Use of "The Stinger" to create pilot holes for dormant willow posts on the upper Missouri River
There are constraints in using willow posts and several questions to be addressed in the process of planning if this method is considered
Dormant Cuttings
Figure 37a. 8 inch live cuttings of streamco and bankers willow used to stabilize Irish Creek
Figure 37c. Reach of Irish Creek stabilized with cuttings of willow
Figure 38. Burlap and coir woven fabric laid over sedge and grass seed, Upper Truckee River, California
Contour Wattling
Figure 39a. Schematic of wattling bundle with preparation specifications
Figure 39c. Wattling (fascine) bundle being installed in the bank zone
Figure 40. Schematic illustration of live fascine bundles with coir rope mesh fabric and long straw installed between the bundles
Figure 41. Brush layering with coir woven fabric and long straw under fabric
Terrace Zone
Figure 42. Hydroseeding and mulching operation from a barge
Velocities for Design Purposes - 7_StreambankManual0409
Table 2. Local flow velocities sustained by and recorded for various bioengineering treatments monitored by this project.
Velocities for Design Purposes - 7_StreambankManual0411
Plant Acquisition And Handling
Purchasing Plants
Advantages of Purchasing Plants
Advantages of Collecting Plants from the Wild
Growing Plants
Handling of Plant Materials
Herbaceous Plants
Monitoring and Aftercare
Direct Documentation of Erosion Protection
Figure 44. Aerial monitoring of bioengineering treatment
Indirect Documentation of Erosion Protection
Costs of Bioengineering
Table 3. Comparisons of actual costs of bioengineering treatments with estimated costs of traditional erosion control (riprapped revetment) under similar conditions in same area
Man-hour Costs of Bioengineering Treatments
Table 4. Man-hour costs of installing wattling and willow cuttings at Lake Tahoe in 1973
Man-hour Costs of Standard Vegetation Establishment Techniques to Supplement Bioengineering Treatments
Sprigs, Rootstocks or Plugs, Rhizomes, and Tubers
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS (cont.)
References - 7_StreambankManual0431
References (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0432
References (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0433
References (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0434
References (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0435
References (cont.) - 7_StreambankManual0436
7_StreambankManual
